一个双三次贝塞尔曲面路径是一个4x4的3D点数组。是的,四个角落触碰到了曲面;行是贝塞尔曲线,列也是贝塞尔曲线。但deCasteljau算法是基于计算两个点之间的中值,并且在3D和2D中同样有意义。
完成上面代码的下一步是将补丁细分以覆盖更小的部分。然后上述简单的边界曲线提取
变成适合的多边形网格。
首先,将补丁平展开来,直接插入顶点数据,而不是使用单独的缓存。该代码通过迭代补丁,在顶点数组中查找点并构建新的补丁数组,然后重新定义相同名称。
/patch[ patch{ [exch { 1 sub vert exch get }forall ] }forall ]def
我们需要使用deCasteljau算法来拆分贝塞尔曲线。 vop
来自于矩阵库,并且对向量的相应元素应用二元操作,产生一个新的向量作为结果。
/median { % [x0 y0 z0] [x1 y1 z1]
{add 2 div} vop % [ (x0+x1)/2 (y0+y1)/2 (z0+z1)/2 ]
} def
/decasteljau { % [P0] P1 P2 P3 . P0 P1' P2' P3' P3' P4' P5' P3
{p3 p2 p1 p0}{exch def}forall
/p01 p0 p1 median def
/p12 p1 p2 median def
/p23 p2 p3 median def
/p012 p01 p12 median def
/p123 p12 p23 median def
/p0123 p012 p123 median def
p0 p01 p012 p0123 % first half-curve
p0123 p123 p23 p3 % second half-curve
} def
接着需要对每个补丁的行进行堆栈操作,并将结果组装成两个新的补丁。
/splitrows { % [b0 .. b15] . [c0 .. c15] [d0 .. d15]
aload pop % b0 .. b15
4 { % on each of 4 rows
16 12 roll decasteljau % roll the first 4 to the top
8 4 roll % exch left and right halves (probably unnecessary)
20 4 roll % roll new curve to below the patch (pushing earlier ones lower)
} repeat
16 array astore % pack the left patch
17 1 roll 16 array astore % roll, pack the right patch
} def
一种丑陋的实用程序让我们可以重复使用行代码用于列。堆栈注释在编写此过程时是必要的,因此它们可能阅读它时也是必要的。n j roll
滚动n个元素(向左),j次; ==从1开始计数的第n个元素上面的前j个元素。因此,n不断减少,选择放置元素的位置,而j则选择将哪个元素放在那里(并将其他所有元素一起拖动)。如果应用了bind
,则此过程比基于字典的过程要快得多。
% [ 0 1 2 3
% 4 5 6 7
% 8 9 10 11
% 12 13 14 15 ]
/xpose {
aload pop % 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
15 12 roll % 0 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3
14 11 roll % 0 4 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 5 6 7
13 10 roll % 0 4 8 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 5 6 7 9 10 11
12 9 roll % 0 4 8 12 1 2 3 5 6 7 9 10 11 13 14 15
11 9 roll % 0 4 8 12 1 5 6 7 9 10 11 13 14 15 2 3
10 8 roll % 0 4 8 12 1 5 9 10 11 13 14 15 2 3 6 7
9 7 roll % 0 4 8 12 1 5 9 13 14 15 2 3 6 7 10 11
8 6 roll % 0 4 8 12 1 5 9 13 2 3 6 7 10 11 14 15
7 6 roll % 0 4 8 12 1 5 9 13 2 6 7 10 11 14 15 3
6 5 roll % 0 4 8 12 1 5 9 13 2 6 10 11 14 15 3 7
5 4 roll % 0 4 8 12 1 5 9 13 2 6 10 14 15 3 7 11
4 3 roll % 0 4 8 12 1 5 9 13 2 6 10 14 3 7 11 15
16 array astore
} def
% [ 0 4 8 12
% 1 5 9 13
% 2 6 10 14
% 3 7 11 15 ]
/splitcols {
xpose
splitrows
xpose
} def
然后将这些函数应用于补丁数据。每次重新定义补丁。
/patch[ patch{ splitrows }forall ]def
/patch[ patch{ splitrows }forall ]def
/patch[ patch{ splitcols }forall ]def
/patch[ patch{ splitcols }forall ]def
这提供了处理较小片段的能力。
![细分线框图](https://istack.dev59.com/KrmR1.webp)
添加一个可见性测试。
/visible { % patch . patch boolean
dup % p p
dup 3 get exch dup 0 get exch 12 get % p p3 p0 p12
1 index {sub} vop % p p3 p0 v0->12
3 1 roll {sub} vop % p v0->12 v0->3
cross /normal exch def
dup
[ exch dup 0 get exch dup 3 get exch dup 12 get exch 15 get ]
{ Cam {sub} vop normal dot 0 ge } forall
%add add add 4 div 0 lt
or or or
} def
制作中
![应用可见性测试](https://istack.dev59.com/M22n7.webp)
更新:测试倒置。
![已修正的可见性测试](https://istack.dev59.com/lxkAE.webp)
更新:测试无效!从图像可以看出,底部未朝外,当然,背面消隐并不能阻止手柄穿过壶体。这需要进行隐藏表面移除。由于Postscript不支持Z缓冲区,我想只好使用二叉空间分割了。所以我要重新学习一下。
更新:添加模型->世界变换以将物体竖立。
/Model -90 rotx def % model->world transform
/proj {
Model matmul 0 get % perform model->world transform
Cam {sub} vop % translate to camera coords
...
制作这个。
目前为止的完整程序。 (使用矩阵库:mat.ps.) 在ghostscript中,按住[enter]
可以查看旋转动画。
%!
%%BoundingBox: 109 246 492 487
%-109 -246 translate
(mat.ps)run %include matrix library
(det.ps)run %supplementary determinant function
/tok{ token pop exch pop }def
/s{(,){search{ tok 3 1 roll }{ tok exit }ifelse }loop }def
/f(teapot)(r)file def
/patch[ f token pop { [ f 100 string readline pop s ] } repeat ]def
/vert[ f token pop { [ f 100 string readline pop s ] } repeat ]def
/patch[ patch{ [exch { 1 sub vert exch get }forall ] }forall ]def
%vert == patch == %test data input flush quit
/I3 3 ident def % 3D identity matrix
/Cam [ 0 0 10 ] def % world coords of camera center viewpoint
/Theta [ 0 0 0 ] def % y-rotation x-rotation z-rotation
/Eye [ 0 0 15 ] def % eye relative to camera vp
/Rot I3 def % initial rotation seq
/Model -90 rotx def % model->world transform
/makerot {
Theta 0 get roty % pan
Theta 1 get rotx matmul % tilt
Theta 2 get rotz matmul % twist
} def
/proj {
Model matmul 0 get % perform model->world transform
Cam {sub} vop % translate to camera coords
Rot matmul % perform camera rotation
0 get aload pop Eye aload pop % extract dot x,y,z and eye xyz
4 3 roll div exch neg % perform perspective projection
4 3 roll add 1 index mul
4 1 roll 3 1 roll sub mul exch % (ez/dz)(dx-ex) (ez/dz)(dy-ey)
} def
/median { % [x0 y0 z0] [x1 y1 z1]
{add 2 div} vop % [ (x0+x1)/2 (y0+y1)/2 (z0+z1)/2 ]
} def
/decasteljau { % [P0] P1 P2 P3 . P0 P1' P2' P3' P3' P4' P5' P3
{p3 p2 p1 p0}{exch def}forall
/p01 p0 p1 median def
/p12 p1 p2 median def
/p23 p2 p3 median def
/p012 p01 p12 median def
/p123 p12 p23 median def
/p0123 p012 p123 median def
p0 p01 p012 p0123
p0123 p123 p23 p3
} def
/splitrows { % [b0 .. b15] . [c0 .. c15] [d0 .. d15]
aload pop % b0 .. b15
4 {
16 12 roll decasteljau
%8 4 roll
20 4 roll
} repeat
16 array astore
17 1 roll 16 array astore
} def
/xpose {
aload pop % 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
15 12 roll % 0 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3
14 11 roll % 0 4 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 5 6 7
13 10 roll % 0 4 8 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 5 6 7 9 10 11
12 9 roll % 0 4 8 12 1 2 3 5 6 7 9 10 11 13 14 15
11 9 roll % 0 4 8 12 1 5 6 7 9 10 11 13 14 15 2 3
10 8 roll % 0 4 8 12 1 5 9 10 11 13 14 15 2 3 6 7
9 7 roll % 0 4 8 12 1 5 9 13 14 15 2 3 6 7 10 11
8 6 roll % 0 4 8 12 1 5 9 13 2 3 6 7 10 11 14 15
7 6 roll % 0 4 8 12 1 5 9 13 2 6 7 10 11 14 15 3
6 5 roll % 0 4 8 12 1 5 9 13 2 6 10 11 14 15 3 7
5 4 roll % 0 4 8 12 1 5 9 13 2 6 10 14 15 3 7 11
4 3 roll % 0 4 8 12 1 5 9 13 2 6 10 14 3 7 11 14
16 array astore
} def
/splitcols {
xpose
splitrows
xpose exch xpose
} def
/patch[ patch{ splitrows }forall ]def
/patch[ patch{ splitrows }forall ]def
/patch[ patch{ splitrows }forall ]def
/patch[ patch{ splitrows }forall ]def
/patch[ patch{ splitcols }forall ]def
/patch[ patch{ splitcols }forall ]def
/color {normal light dot 1 add 4 div
%1 exch sub
setgray} def
/visible { % patch . patch boolean
dup % p p
dup 3 get exch dup 0 get exch 12 get % p p3 p0 p12
1 index {sub} vop % p p3 p0 v0->12
3 1 roll {sub} vop % p v0->12 v0->3
cross /normal exch def
dup
[ exch dup 0 get exch dup 3 get exch dup 12 get exch 15 get ]
{ Cam {sub} vop normal dot 0 ge } forall
%add add add 4 div 0 lt
or or or
} def
/drawpatch {
% Four corners
%[ exch dup 0 get exch dup 3 get exch dup 12 get exch 15 get ]
visible {
[ exch
% control rows
%dup 4 get exch dup 5 get exch dup 6 get exch dup 7 get exch
%dup 11 get exch dup 10 get exch dup 9 get exch dup 8 get exch
% control columns
%dup 1 get exch dup 5 get exch dup 9 get exch dup 13 get exch
%dup 14 get exch dup 10 get exch dup 6 get exch dup 2 get exch
% Boundary curves
dup 8 get exch dup 4 get exch dup 0 get exch %curveto4
dup 14 get exch dup 13 get exch dup 12 get exch %curveto3
dup 7 get exch dup 11 get exch dup 15 get exch %curveto2
dup 1 get exch dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch %curveto1
dup 0 get exch %moveto
pop ]
{ proj } forall
moveto curveto curveto curveto curveto
%moveto lineto lineto lineto lineto lineto lineto lineto closepath
%moveto lineto lineto lineto lineto lineto lineto lineto closepath
stroke
%flushpage flush (%lineedit)(r)file pop
}{
pop
}ifelse
} def
/R 20 def
/H -3 def
/ang 10 def
{
300 700 translate
1 70 dup dup scale div setlinewidth
% camera revolves around Y axis at height H, dist R
/Cam [ ang sin R mul H ang cos R mul ] def
/Theta [ ang H R atan 0 ] def % rotate camera back to origin
/Rot makerot def % squash rotation sequence into a matrix
patch {
drawpatch
} forall
pstack
showpage
%exit
/ang ang 10 add def
} loop