我喜欢Python中的turtle模块，我想要输出它绘制形状的整个动画。有没有办法做到这一点？可以使用GIF/MP4或者其他能够显示动画的格式。需要注意的是，我知道外部的屏幕录制软件可以完成这个任务，但我希望turtle模块自己能够实现。
有没有一种方法可以将海龟绘画保存为动态GIF？
7
- whatwhatwhat
3
从众多类似的问题中可以看出，最简单的选择似乎是使用外部屏幕录制软件，如Gifcam。 - TrakJohnson
@TrakJohnson 哦，我忘了提到我想知道海龟模块是否有内部方法来实现这个。 - whatwhatwhat
“turtle”使用“tkinter”的画布“canvas”，但只能保存为“postscript”（.ps）格式。要创建JPG / PNG / GIF，您只能使用其他模块（如“PIL / pillow”）在内存中绘制其画布，并稍后使用此画布保存为JPG / PNG / GIF。 - furas
2个回答
15
使用OSX上的Preview从Python turtle制作动画GIF
1）从一个可用的程序开始
这似乎很明显，但在尝试生成动画 GIF 时不要对代码进行调试。 它应该是一个合适的 turtle 程序，没有无限循环并以 mainloop()，done() 或 exitonclick() 结束。
我将使用一个我为编程谜题和高尔夫代码编写的绘制冰岛国旗的程序来解释这个过程。它有意保持最小化，因为它是 PP&GC:
from turtle import *
import tkinter as _
_.ROUND = _.BUTT
S = 8
h = 18 * S
color("navy")
width(h)
fd(25 * S)
color("white")
width(4 * S)
home()
pu()
goto(9 * S, -9 * S)
lt(90)
pd()
fd(h)
color("#d72828")
width(S + S)
bk(h)
pu()
home()
pd()
fd(25 * S)
ht()
done()
2）定时保存快照
使用draw()、save()和stop()定时事件重新包装您的程序，大致如下：
from turtle import *
import tkinter as _
_.ROUND=_.BUTT
def draw():
S = 8
h = 18 * S
color("navy")
width(h)
fd(25 * S)
color("white")
width(4 * S)
home()
pu()
goto(9 * S, -9 * S)
lt(90)
pd()
fd(h)
color("#d72828")
width(S + S)
bk(h)
pu()
home()
pd()
fd(25 * S)
ht()
ontimer(stop, 500) # stop the recording (1/2 second trailer)
running = True
FRAMES_PER_SECOND = 10
def stop():
global running
running = False
def save(counter=[1]):
getcanvas().postscript(file = "iceland{0:03d}.eps".format(counter[0]))
counter[0] += 1
if running:
ontimer(save, int(1000 / FRAMES_PER_SECOND))
save() # start the recording
ontimer(draw, 500) # start the program (1/2 second leader)
done()
我使用每秒10帧（FPS），因为这将与后续步骤中Preview使用的帧速率匹配。
3）运行您的程序；完成后退出。
创建一个新的、空的目录，并从那里运行它。如果一切都按计划进行，它应该会将一系列*.eps文件转储到目录中。
4）将所有这些*.eps文件加载到Preview中
假设Preview是我的默认预览器，在Terminal.app中，我只需执行以下操作：
open iceland*.eps
5) 选中侧边栏中的所有PDF（或EPS）文件，在预览菜单中选择文件/导出...（不是导出为PDF），导出GIF格式。
在选项按钮下设置导出类型，将它们保存到我们的临时目录中。在选择格式时，需要按住Option键才能看到GIF选项。选择一个合适的屏幕分辨率。现在，我们应该在临时目录中有*.gif文件了。 退出预览。
6) 加载所有*.gif文件到预览中。
open iceland*.gif
7) 将除第一个GIF文件之外的所有文件合并到第一个GIF文件中
选择预览侧边栏中的所有GIF文件。取消选择（按住Command键单击）第一个GIF文件，例如iceland001.gif。将所选的GIF文件拖放到未选择的GIF文件上。这将修改它和它的名称。使用文件/导出...将修改后的第一个GIF文件导出为新的GIF文件，例如iceland.gif
8) 这是一个动态的GIF图像！
通过在Safari中加载它来确信自己：
open -a Safari iceland.gif
9) 将其转换为循环动画GIF
要创建一个循环动画GIF，您需要使用像 ImageMagick 或Gifsicle 这样的外部工具来设置循环值：
convert -loop 0 iceland.gif iceland-repeating.gif
再次让自己相信它是有效的：
open -a Safari iceland-repeating.gif
10) 动态GIF结果。祝好运！
- cdlane
3
主要概念
这是我的解决方案，步骤如下：
获取帧 (您需要使用
turtle.ontimer->turtle.getcanvas().postscript(file=output_file))将每个 EPS 转换为 PNG。 (因为
turtle.getcanvas().postscript返回 EPS，所以您需要使用PIL将EPS转换为PNG)您需要下载 Ghostscript: https://www.ghostscript.com/download/gsdnld.html
使用您的 PNG 列表制作 GIF。（使用
PIL.ImageFile.ImageFile.save(output_path, format='gif', save_all=True, append_images=, duration, loop)）
脚本
这是我的脚本（如果有时间，我可能会将其发布到PyPI...）
import turtle
import tkinter
from typing import Callable, List
from pathlib import Path
import re
import os
import sys
import functools
import PIL.Image
from PIL.PngImagePlugin import PngImageFile
from PIL.ImageFile import ImageFile
from PIL import EpsImagePlugin
def init(**options):
# download ghostscript: https://www.ghostscript.com/download/gsdnld.html
if options.get('gs_windows_binary'):
EpsImagePlugin.gs_windows_binary = options['gs_windows_binary'] # install ghostscript, otherwise->{OSError} Unable to locate Ghostscript on paths
# https://anzeljg.github.io/rin2/book2/2405/docs/tkinter/cap-join-styles.html
# change the default style of the line that made of two connected line segments
tkinter.ROUND = tkinter.BUTT # default is ROUND # https://anzeljg.github.io/rin2/book2/2405/docs/tkinter/create_line.html
def make_gif(image_list: List[Path], output_path: Path, **options):
"""
:param image_list:
:param output_path:
:param options:
- fps: Frame Per Second. Duration and FPS, choose one to give.
- duration milliseconds (= 1000/FPS ) (default is 0.1 sec)
- loop # int, if 0, then loop forever. Otherwise, it means the loop number.
:return:
"""
if not output_path.parent.exists():
raise FileNotFoundError(output_path.parent)
if not output_path.name.lower().endswith('.gif'):
output_path = output_path / Path('.gif')
image_list: List[ImageFile] = [PIL.Image.open(str(_)) for _ in image_list]
im = image_list.pop(0)
fps = options.get('fps', options.get('FPS', 10))
im.save(output_path, format='gif', save_all=True, append_images=image_list,
duration=options.get('duration', int(1000 / fps)),
loop=options.get('loop', 0))
class GIFCreator:
__slots__ = ['draw',
'__temp_dir', '__duration',
'__name', '__is_running', '__counter', ]
TEMP_DIR = Path('.') / Path('__temp__for_gif')
# The time gap that you pick image after another on the recording. i.e., If the value is low, then you can get more source image, so your GIF has higher quality.
DURATION = 100 # millisecond. # 1000 / FPS
REBUILD = True
def __init__(self, name, temp_dir: Path = None, duration: int = None, **options):
self.__name = name
self.__is_running = False
self.__counter = 1
self.__temp_dir = temp_dir if temp_dir else self.TEMP_DIR
self.__duration = duration if duration else self.DURATION
if not self.__temp_dir.exists():
self.__temp_dir.mkdir(parents=True) # True, it's ok when parents is not exists
@property
def name(self):
return self.__name
@property
def duration(self):
return self.__duration
@property
def temp_dir(self):
if not self.__temp_dir.exists():
raise FileNotFoundError(self.__temp_dir)
return self.__temp_dir
def configure(self, **options):
gif_class_members = (_ for _ in dir(GIFCreator) if not _.startswith('_') and not callable(getattr(GIFCreator, _)))
for name, value in options.items():
name = name.upper()
if name not in gif_class_members:
raise KeyError(f"'{name}' does not belong to {GIFCreator} members.")
correct_type = type(getattr(self, name))
# type check
assert isinstance(value, correct_type), TypeError(f'{name} type need {correct_type.__name__} not {type(value).__name__}')
setattr(self, '_GIFCreator__' + name.lower(), value)
def record(self, draw_func: Callable = None, **options):
"""
:param draw_func:
:param options:
- fps
- start_after: milliseconds. While waiting, white pictures will continuously generate to used as the heading image of GIF.
- end_after:
:return:
"""
if draw_func and callable(draw_func):
setattr(self, 'draw', draw_func)
if not (hasattr(self, 'draw') and callable(getattr(self, 'draw'))):
raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of GIFCreatorMixin must provide a draw() method')
regex = re.compile(fr"""{self.name}_[0-9]{{4}}""")
def wrap():
self.draw()
turtle.ontimer(self._stop, options.get('end_after', 0))
wrap_draw = functools.wraps(self.draw)(wrap)
try:
# https://blog.csdn.net/lingyu_me/article/details/105400510
turtle.reset() # Does a turtle.clear() and then resets this turtle's state (i.e. direction, position etc.)
except turtle.Terminator:
turtle.reset()
if self.REBUILD:
for f in [_ for _ in self.temp_dir.glob(f'*.*') if _.suffix.upper().endswith(('EPS', 'PNG'))]:
[os.remove(f) for ls in regex.findall(str(f)) if ls is not None]
self._start()
self._save() # init start the recording
turtle.ontimer(wrap_draw,
t=options.get('start_after', 0)) # start immediately
turtle.done()
print('convert_eps2image...')
self.convert_eps2image()
print('make_gif...')
self.make_gif(fps=options.get('fps'))
print(f'done:{self.name}')
return
def convert_eps2image(self):
"""
image extension (PGM, PPM, GIF, PNG) is all compatible with tk.PhotoImage
.. important:: you need to use ghostscript, see ``init()``
"""
for eps_file in [_ for _ in self.temp_dir.glob('*.*') if _.name.startswith(self.__name) and _.suffix.upper() == '.EPS']:
output_path = self.temp_dir / Path(eps_file.name + '.png')
if output_path.exists():
continue
im: PIL.Image.Image = PIL.Image.open(str(eps_file))
im.save(output_path, 'png')
def make_gif(self, output_name=None, **options):
"""
:param output_name: basename `xxx.png` or `xxx`
:param options:
- fps: for GIF
:return:
"""
if output_name is None:
output_name = self.__name
if not output_name.lower().endswith('.gif'):
output_name += '.gif'
image_list = [_ for _ in self.temp_dir.glob(f'{self.__name}*.*') if
(_.suffix.upper().endswith(('PGM', 'PPM', 'GIF', 'PNG')) and _.name.startswith(self.__name))
]
if not image_list:
sys.stderr.write(f'There is no image on the directory. {self.temp_dir / Path(self.__name + "*.*")}')
return
output_path = Path('.') / Path(f'{output_name}')
fps = options.get('fps', options.get('FPS'))
if fps is None:
fps = 1000 / self.duration
make_gif(image_list, output_path,
fps=fps, loop=0)
os.startfile('.') # open the output folder
def _start(self):
self.__is_running = True
def _stop(self):
print(f'finished draw:{self.name}')
self.__is_running = False
self.__counter = 1
def _save(self):
if self.__is_running:
# print(self.__counter)
output_file: Path = self.temp_dir / Path(f'{self.__name}_{self.__counter:04d}.eps')
if not output_file.exists():
turtle.getcanvas().postscript(file=output_file) # 0001.eps, 0002.eps ...
self.__counter += 1
turtle.ontimer(self._save, t=self.duration) # trigger only once, so we need to set it again.
用法
init(gs_windows_binary=r'C:\Program Files\gs\gs9.52\bin\gswin64c')
def your_draw_function():
turtle.color("red")
turtle.width(20)
turtle.fd(40)
turtle.color("#00ffff")
turtle.bk(40)
...
# method 1: pass the draw function directly.
gif_demo = GIFCreator(name='demo')
# gif_demo.configure(duration=400) # Optional
gif_demo.record(your_draw_function)
# method 2: use class
# If you want to create a class, just define your draw function, and then record it.
class MyGIF(GIFCreator):
DURATION = 200 # optional
def draw(self):
your_draw_function()
MyGIF(name='rectangle demo').record(
# fps=, start_after=, end_after= <-- optional
)
演示
init(gs_windows_binary=r'C:\Program Files\gs\gs9.52\bin\gswin64c')
class TaiwanFlag(GIFCreator):
DURATION = 200
# REBUILD = False
def __init__(self, ratio, **kwargs):
"""
ratio: 0.5 (40*60) 1 (80*120) 2 (160*240) ...
"""
self.ratio = ratio
GIFCreator.__init__(self, **kwargs)
def show_size(self):
print(f'width:{self.ratio * 120}\nheight:{self.ratio * 80}')
@property
def size(self): # w, h
return self.ratio * 120, self.ratio * 80
def draw(self):
# from turtle import *
# turtle.tracer(False)
s = self.ratio # scale
pu()
s_w, s_h = turtle.window_width(), turtle.window_height()
margin_x = (s_w - self.size[0]) / 2
home_xy = -s_w / 2 + margin_x, 0
goto(home_xy)
pd()
color("red")
width(80 * s)
fd(120 * s)
pu()
goto(home_xy)
color('blue')
goto(home_xy[0], 20 * s)
width(40 * s)
pd()
fd(60 * s)
pu()
bk((30 + 15) * s)
pd()
color('white')
width(1)
left(15)
begin_fill()
for i in range(12):
fd(30 * s)
right(150)
end_fill()
rt(15)
pu()
fd(15 * s)
rt(90)
fd(8.5 * s)
pd()
lt(90)
# turtle.tracer(True)
begin_fill()
circle(8.5 * s)
end_fill()
color('blue')
width(2 * s)
circle(8.5 * s)
# turtle.tracer(True)
turtle.hideturtle()
taiwan_flag = TaiwanFlag(2, name='taiwan')
turtle.Screen().setup(taiwan_flag.size[0] + 40, taiwan_flag.size[1] + 40) # margin = 40
# taiwan_flag.draw()
taiwan_flag.record(end_after=2500, fps=10)
- Carson
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