在Java中获取一个集合的幂集

我们可以使用递归或不使用递归来编写幂集。这里是一种不使用递归的尝试：

public List<List<Integer>> getPowerSet(List<Integer> set) {
    List<List<Integer>> powerSet = new ArrayList<List<Integer>>();
    int max = 1 << set.size();
    for(int i=0; i < max; i++) {
        List<Integer> subSet = getSubSet(i, set);
        powerSet.add(subSet);
    }
    return powerSet;
}

private List<Integer> getSubSet(int p, List<Integer> set) {
    List<Integer> subSet = new ArrayList<Integer>();
    int position = 0;
    for(int i=p; i > 0; i >>= 1) {
        if((i & 1) == 1) {
            subSet.add(set.get(position));
        }
        position++;
    }
    return subSet;
}

public class PowerSet {
    public static List<HashSet<Integer>> powerset(int[] a) {
        LinkedList<HashSet<Integer>> sets = new LinkedList<HashSet<Integer>>();
        int n = a.length;
        for (int i = 0; i < 1 << n; i++) {
            HashSet<Integer> set = new HashSet<Integer>();
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
                if ((1 << j & i) > 0)
                    set.add(a[j]);
            }
            sets.add(set);
        }
        return sets;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<HashSet<Integer>> sets = PowerSet.powerset(new int[]{ 1, 2, 3 });
        for (HashSet<Integer> set : sets) {
            for (int i : set)
                System.out.print(i);
            System.out.println();
        } 
    }
}

这个函数通过递归解决了这个问题，但是将变量命名为powerset作为全局变量：

static ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> powerSet = new ArrayList<>();

public static void getPowerSet(Queue<Integer> a) {
    int n = a.poll();
    if (!a.isEmpty()) {
        getPowerSet(a);
    }
    int s = powerSet.size();
    for (int i = 0; i < s; i++) {
        ArrayList<Integer> ne = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int j = 0; j < powerSet.get(i).size(); j++) {
            ne.add(powerSet.get(i).get(j));
        }
        ne.add(n);
        powerSet.add(ne);
    }
    ArrayList<Integer> p = new ArrayList<>();
    p.add(n);
    powerSet.add(p);
}

最近我需要使用类似这样的东西，但是需要先使用最小的子列表（有1个元素，然后是2个元素，...）。我不想包括空列表和整个列表。 此外，我不需要返回所有子列表的列表，我只需要对每个子列表进行一些操作。

希望能够在不使用递归的情况下完成这个任务，并想出了以下解决方案（将“操作”抽象为一个函数接口）：

@FunctionalInterface interface ListHandler<T> {
    void handle(List<T> list);
}


public static <T> void forAllSubLists(final List<T> list, ListHandler handler) {
    int     ll = list.size();   // Length of original list
    int     ci[] = new int[ll]; // Array for list indices
    List<T> sub = new ArrayList<>(ll);  // The sublist
    List<T> uml = Collections.unmodifiableList(sub);    // For passing to handler

    for (int gl = 1, gm; gl <= ll; gl++) {  // Subgroup length 1 .. n-1
        gm = 0; ci[0] = -1; sub.add(null);  // Some inits, and ensure sublist is at least gl items long

        do {
                ci[gm]++;                       // Get the next item for this member

                if (ci[gm] > ll - gl + gm) {    // Exhausted all possibilities for this position
                        gm--; continue;         // Continue with the next value for the previous member
                }

                sub.set(gm, list.get(ci[gm]));  // Set the corresponding member in the sublist

                if (gm == gl - 1) {             // Ok, a sublist with length gl
                        handler.handle(uml);    // Handle it
                } else {
                        ci[gm + 1] = ci[gm];    // Starting value for next member is this 
                        gm++;                   // Continue with the next member
                }
        } while (gm >= 0);  // Finished cycling through all possibilities
    }   // Next subgroup length
}

这样，也很容易将其限制为特定长度的子列表。

// input: S
// output: P
// S = [1,2]
// P = [], [1], [2], [1,2]

public static void main(String[] args) {
    String input = args[0];
    String[] S = input.split(",");
    String[] P = getPowerSet(S);
    if (P.length == Math.pow(2, S.length)) {
        for (String s : P) {
            System.out.print("[" + s + "],");
        }
    } else {
        System.out.println("Results are incorrect");
    }
}

private static String[] getPowerSet(String[] s) {
    if (s.length == 1) {
        return new String[] { "", s[0] };
    } else {
        String[] subP1 = getPowerSet(Arrays.copyOfRange(s, 1, s.length));
        String[] subP2 = new String[subP1.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < subP1.length; i++) {
            subP2[i] = s[0] + subP1[i];
        }
        String[] P = new String[subP1.length + subP2.length];
        System.arraycopy(subP1, 0, P, 0, subP1.length);
        System.arraycopy(subP2, 0, P, subP1.length, subP2.length);
        return P;
    }

}

package problems;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class SubsetFinderRecursive {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //input
        int[] input = new int[3];
        for(int i=0; i<input.length; i++) {
            input[i] = i+1;
        }
        // root node of the tree
        Node root = new Node();

        // insert values into tree
        for(int i=0; i<input.length; i++) {
            insertIntoTree(root, input[i]);
        }

        // print leaf nodes for subsets
        printLeafNodes(root);
    }

    static void printLeafNodes(Node root) {

        if(root == null) {
            return;
        }

        // Its a leaf node
        if(root.left == null && root.right == null) {
            System.out.println(root.values);
            return;
        }

        // if we are not at a leaf node, then explore left and right

        if(root.left !=null) {
            printLeafNodes(root.left);
        }

        if(root.right != null) {
            printLeafNodes(root.right);
        }
    }

    static void insertIntoTree(Node root, int value) {

        // Error handling
        if(root == null) {
            return;
        }

        // if there is a sub tree then go down
        if(root.left !=null && root.right != null) {
            insertIntoTree(root.left, value);
            insertIntoTree(root.right, value);
        }

        // if we are at the leaf node, then we have 2 choices
        // Either exclude or include
        if(root.left == null && root.right == null) {
            // exclude
            root.left = new Node();
            root.left.values.addAll(root.values);
            // include
            root.right = new Node();
            root.right.values.addAll(root.values);
            root.right.values.add(value);
            return;
        }
    }

}

class Node {
    Node left;
    Node right;
    List<Integer> values = new ArrayList<Integer>();
}

另一种解决方案 - 使用Java8+流式API 它是惰性和有序的，因此当与“limit()”一起使用时，它返回正确的子集。

 public long bitRangeMin(int size, int bitCount){
    BitSet bs = new BitSet(size);
    bs.set(0, bitCount);
    return bs.toLongArray()[0];
}

public long bitRangeMax(int size, int bitCount){
    BitSet bs = BitSet.valueOf(new long[]{0});
    bs.set(size - bitCount, size);
    return bs.toLongArray()[0];
}

public <T> Stream<List<T>> powerSet(Collection<T> data)
{
    List<T> list = new LinkedHashSet<>(data).stream().collect(Collectors.toList());
    Stream<BitSet> head = LongStream.of(0).mapToObj( i -> BitSet.valueOf(new long[]{i}));
    Stream<BitSet> tail = IntStream.rangeClosed(1, list.size())
            .boxed()
            .flatMap( v1 -> LongStream.rangeClosed( bitRangeMin(list.size(), v1), bitRangeMax(list.size(), v1))
                    .mapToObj(v2 -> BitSet.valueOf(new long[]{v2}))
                    .filter( bs -> bs.cardinality() == v1));

    return Stream.concat(head, tail)
            .map( bs -> bs
                    .stream()
                    .mapToObj(list::get)
                    .collect(Collectors.toList()));
}

客户端代码是：

@Test
public void testPowerSetOfGivenCollection(){
    List<Character> data = new LinkedList<>();
    for(char i = 'a'; i < 'a'+5; i++ ){
        data.add(i);
    }
    powerSet(data)
            .limit(9)
            .forEach(System.out::print);

}

/* 输出：[][a][b][c][d][e][a, b][a, c][b, c] */

public class Combinations {

// A recursive method that prints all combinations of any size of the first n elements of an array
    public static void printCombinations(String[] arr, int n, String current) {
    // Base case: if n is 0, print the current combination
        if (n == 0) {
            System.out.println(current);
            return;
        }
    // Recursive case: for each element, either include it or exclude it from the current combination and recursively call printCombinations with n-1
        printCombinations(arr, n-1, current + arr[n-1] + " "); // include
        printCombinations(arr, n-1, current); // exclude
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Read in the command line argument
       int n = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
        // Well my array in this case consists of first 6 letters of the alphabet
        String[] arr = new String[n];
        arr[0] = "a";
        arr[1] = "b";
        arr[2] = "c";
        arr[3] = "d";
        arr[4] = "e";
        arr[5] = "f";
        // Call the recursive method with an empty current combination
        printCombinations(arr, n, "");
    }
}