以下是两种在c# (.net)中的方法(上面都有讨论)供参考:
在二叉树中找到LCA的递归版本(O(N) - 最多每个节点都会被访问)
解决方案的主要点是LCA是(a) 二叉树中仅有的一个节点,其中两个元素分别位于子树(左侧和右侧)的一侧。 (b) 并且无论哪个节点位于哪一侧都没有关系 - 最初我尝试保留这些信息,但显然递归函数变得非常混乱。一旦我意识到这一点,它就变得非常优雅。
搜索两个节点(O(N)),并跟踪路径(使用额外空间 - 因此,如果二叉树平衡良好,则#1可能更优,即使空间可能可以忽略不计,因为额外的内存消耗将只是O(log(N)))。
因此,路径被比较(基本上类似于接受的答案 - 但路径是通过假定指针节点不存在于二叉树节点中来计算的)
仅为完整性而提供(与问题无关),BST中的LCA(O(log(N))
测试
递归:
private BinaryTreeNode LeastCommonAncestorUsingRecursion(BinaryTreeNode treeNode,
int e1, int e2)
{
Debug.Assert(e1 != e2);
if(treeNode == null)
{
return null;
}
if((treeNode.Element == e1)
|| (treeNode.Element == e2))
{
return treeNode;
}
var nLeft = this.LeastCommonAncestorUsingRecursion(treeNode.Left, e1, e2);
var nRight = this.LeastCommonAncestorUsingRecursion(treeNode.Right, e1, e2);
if(nLeft != null && nRight != null)
{
return treeNode;
}
else if(nLeft != null)
{
return nLeft;
}
else if(nRight != null)
{
return nRight;
}
return null;
}
以上私有递归版本是由以下公共方法调用的:
public BinaryTreeNode LeastCommonAncestorUsingRecursion(int e1, int e2)
{
var n = this.FindNode(this._root, e1);
if(null == n)
{
throw new Exception("Element not found: " + e1);
}
if (e1 == e2)
{
return n;
}
n = this.FindNode(this._root, e2);
if (null == n)
{
throw new Exception("Element not found: " + e2);
}
var node = this.LeastCommonAncestorUsingRecursion(this._root, e1, e2);
if (null == node)
{
throw new Exception(string.Format("Least common ancenstor not found for the given elements: {0},{1}", e1, e2));
}
return node;
}
通过跟踪两个节点的路径来解决:
public BinaryTreeNode LeastCommonAncestorUsingPaths(int e1, int e2)
{
var path1 = new List<BinaryTreeNode>();
var node1 = this.FindNodeAndPath(this._root, e1, path1);
if(node1 == null)
{
throw new Exception(string.Format("Element {0} is not found", e1));
}
if(e1 == e2)
{
return node1;
}
List<BinaryTreeNode> path2 = new List<BinaryTreeNode>();
var node2 = this.FindNodeAndPath(this._root, e2, path2);
if (node1 == null)
{
throw new Exception(string.Format("Element {0} is not found", e2));
}
BinaryTreeNode lca = null;
Debug.Assert(path1[0] == this._root);
Debug.Assert(path2[0] == this._root);
int i = 0;
while((i < path1.Count)
&& (i < path2.Count)
&& (path2[i] == path1[i]))
{
lca = path1[i];
i++;
}
Debug.Assert(null != lca);
return lca;
}
FindNodeAndPath的定义位置
private BinaryTreeNode FindNodeAndPath(BinaryTreeNode node, int e, List<BinaryTreeNode> path)
{
if(node == null)
{
return null;
}
if(node.Element == e)
{
path.Add(node);
return node;
}
var n = this.FindNodeAndPath(node.Left, e, path);
if(n == null)
{
n = this.FindNodeAndPath(node.Right, e, path);
}
if(n != null)
{
path.Insert(0, node);
return n;
}
return null;
}
BST(LCA)- 无关(仅供参考完整性)
public BinaryTreeNode BstLeastCommonAncestor(int e1, int e2)
{
var n1 = this.BstFind(e1, throwIfNotFound: true);
if(e1 == e2)
{
return n1;
}
this.BstFind(e2, throwIfNotFound: true);
BinaryTreeNode leastCommonAcncestor = this._root;
var iterativeNode = this._root;
while(iterativeNode != null)
{
if((iterativeNode.Element > e1 ) && (iterativeNode.Element > e2))
{
iterativeNode = iterativeNode.Left;
}
else if((iterativeNode.Element < e1) && (iterativeNode.Element < e2))
{
iterativeNode = iterativeNode.Right;
}
else
{
return iterativeNode;
}
}
return leastCommonAcncestor;
}
单元测试
[TestMethod]
public void LeastCommonAncestorTests()
{
int[] a = { 13, 2, 18, 1, 5, 17, 20, 3, 6, 16, 21, 4, 14, 15, 25, 22, 24 };
int[] b = { 13, 13, 13, 2, 13, 18, 13, 5, 13, 18, 13, 13, 14, 18, 25, 22};
BinarySearchTree bst = new BinarySearchTree();
foreach (int e in a)
{
bst.Add(e);
bst.Delete(e);
bst.Add(e);
}
for(int i = 0; i < b.Length; i++)
{
var n = bst.BstLeastCommonAncestor(a[i], a[i + 1]);
Assert.IsTrue(n.Element == b[i]);
var n1 = bst.LeastCommonAncestorUsingPaths(a[i], a[i + 1]);
Assert.IsTrue(n1.Element == b[i]);
Assert.IsTrue(n == n1);
var n2 = bst.LeastCommonAncestorUsingRecursion(a[i], a[i + 1]);
Assert.IsTrue(n2.Element == b[i]);
Assert.IsTrue(n2 == n1);
Assert.IsTrue(n2 == n);
}
}