OpenGL/GLSL: Bloom/Blur, 渲染到FBO

Question

我遇到了一个无法自行解决的难题，希望有人能够帮助我。

我一直在尝试使用GLSL创建一个漂亮的花开效果，这个效果非常好。当我尝试将一些移动物体包含到场景中时，我注意到我忘记在渲染之前清除我的FBOs。

如果不清除，它可以在从未改变场景的情况下工作，因为我一直在使用相同的纹理。使用glClear（）命令仍然可以工作，但是只有在第一帧之后，所有我得到的就是黑屏。所以我想我的问题是我无法使我的FBOs每一帧都得到更新。

我感觉我可能要么是缺少了非常明显的东西，要么是做错了什么。

如果您有任何建议，我将不胜感激。

以下是我在第一帧中得到的内容：

来源: (使用openFrameworks)

设置：

void testApp::setup(){

ofSetVerticalSync(true);
ofDisableSetupScreen();

width = ofGetWidth();
height = ofGetHeight();

//complie/link/generate ShaderObjects ....
horizontalBlurFrag.load("/opt/openframeworks/apps/examples/FBO_basic_shader_new_continued_v4_2/bin/data/fragment_shader_horizontal.glsl", GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
verticalBlurFrag.load("/opt/openframeworks/apps/examples/FBO_basic_shader_new_continued_v4_2/bin/data/fragment_shader_vertical.glsl", GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
BlurVertex.load("/opt/openframeworks/apps/examples/FBO_basic_shader_new_continued_v4_2/bin/data/horizontal_blur.glsl", GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
blendTextures.load("/opt/openframeworks/apps/examples/FBO_basic_shader_new_continued_v4_2/bin/data/blend_shader.glsl", GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);

fboOriginal.initialize(width, height);
fboH800.initialize(width, height);
fboV800.initialize(width, height);
fboH400.initialize(width, height);
fboV400.initialize(width, height);}

绘制：

void testApp::draw(){
glMatrixMode( GL_PROJECTION );
glLoadIdentity();

//set orthographic projection
glOrtho( -1, 1, -1, 1, 1.0, 40.0 );

glMatrixMode( GL_MODELVIEW );
glLoadIdentity();

glViewport( 0, 0, width, height);

glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

fboOriginal.bind();

    glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

    glPushAttrib(GL_VIEWPORT_BIT);
        glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
        glPushMatrix();
            glScalef(0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);

            //generating values between 0 and 2
            float x = 2 * (sin(time)+1.000001)/2;

            //drawSOlidRect(xPos, yPos, width, height, red, green, blue);
            drawSolidRect(-8.0f, 8.0f, x, x, 0.4f, 0.4f, 1.0f);
            drawSolidRect(-5.0f, 8.0f, x, x, 0.4f, 1.0f, 0.4f);
            drawSolidRect(-2.0f, 8.0f, x, x, 0.4f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
            drawSolidRect( 1.0f, 8.0f, x, x, 1.0f, 0.4f, 0.4f);
            drawSolidRect( 4.0f, 8.0f, x, x, 1.0f, 0.4f, 1.0f);
            drawSolidRect( 7.0f, 8.0f, x, x, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.4f);
        glPopMatrix();
    glPopAttrib();
fboOriginal.unbind();

glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, fboOriginal.fboTexture);

BlurVertex.enable();

horizontalBlurFrag.enable();
glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(horizontalBlurFrag.program, "RTScene"), 0);

glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

fboH800.bind();

glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

    glPushAttrib(GL_VIEWPORT_BIT);
        glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
        glPushMatrix();
            glBegin(GL_QUADS);
                glColor3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);

                glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 1.0f);
                glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0);

                glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 1.0f);
                glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, -1.0);

                glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 0.0f);
                glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, -1.0);

                glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 0.0f);
                glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0);
            glEnd();
        glPopMatrix();
    glPopAttrib();
glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
fboH800.unbind();

glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, fboH800.fboTexture);

BlurVertex.enable();

verticalBlurFrag.enable();
glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(verticalBlurFrag.program, "RTBlurH"), 0);

glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

fboV800.bind();

glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

    glPushAttrib(GL_VIEWPORT_BIT);
        glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
        glPushMatrix();
            glBegin(GL_QUADS);
                glColor3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);

                glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 1.0f);
                glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0);

                glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 1.0f);
                glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, -1.0);

                glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 0.0f);
                glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, -1.0);

                glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 0.0f);
                glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0);
            glEnd();
        glPopMatrix();
    glPopAttrib();
fboV800.unbind();

glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, fboV800.fboTexture);

BlurVertex.enable();

horizontalBlurFrag.enable();
glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(horizontalBlurFrag.program, "RTScene"), 1);

glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

fboH400.bind();

glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

    glPushAttrib(GL_VIEWPORT_BIT);
        glPushMatrix();
        glViewport(0, 0, width/4, height/4);    //crude downscale
            glBegin(GL_QUADS);
                glColor3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);

                glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 1.0f);
                glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0);

                glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 1.0f);
                glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, -1.0);

                glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 0.0f);
                glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, -1.0);

                glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 0.0f);
                glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0);
            glEnd();
        glPopMatrix();
    glPopAttrib();
glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
fboH400.unbind();

glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, fboH400.fboTexture);

BlurVertex.enable();

verticalBlurFrag.enable();
glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(verticalBlurFrag.program, "RTBlurH"), 1);

glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

fboV400.bind();

glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

    glPushAttrib(GL_VIEWPORT_BIT);
        glPushMatrix();
        glViewport(0, 0, width*4, height*4);    //crude downscale
            glBegin(GL_QUADS);

            glColor3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
            glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 1.0f);
            glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0);

            glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 1.0f);
            glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, -1.0);

            glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 0.0f);
            glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, -1.0);

            glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 0.0f);
            glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0);
        glEnd();
    glPopMatrix();
glPopAttrib();
glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
fboV400.unbind();

glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);

glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, fboV800.fboTexture);

glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, fboV400.fboTexture);

BlurVertex.enable();

blendTextures.enable();
glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(blendTextures.program, "originalSizeTex"), 0);
glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(blendTextures.program, "downscaledTex"), 1);

glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

glBegin(GL_QUADS);

    glColor3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
    glMultiTexCoord2fARB(GL_TEXTURE0, 0.0f, 1.0f);
    glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0);

    glMultiTexCoord2fARB(GL_TEXTURE0, 1.0f, 1.0f);
    glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, -1.0);

    glMultiTexCoord2fARB(GL_TEXTURE0, 1.0f, 0.0f);
    glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, -1.0);

    glMultiTexCoord2fARB(GL_TEXTURE0, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0);
glEnd();

glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);}

FBO:

class FrameBufferObject{
public:
    //handles
    GLuint fbo, fboTexture, fboDepthbuffer;
public:
    void initialize(GLuint width, GLuint height){
        // generate namespace for the frame buffer, colorbuffer and depthbuffer
        glGenFramebuffersEXT(1, &fbo);
        glGenTextures(1, &fboTexture);
        glGenRenderbuffersEXT(1, &fboDepthbuffer);

        //switch to our fbo so we can bind stuff to it
        glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, fbo);

        //create the colorbuffer texture and attach it to the frame buffer
        glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, fboTexture);
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
        glGenerateMipmapEXT(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA8, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, NULL);
        glFramebufferTexture2DEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT,GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_2D, fboTexture, 0);

        // create a render buffer as our depthbuffer and attach it
        glBindRenderbufferEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, fboDepthbuffer);
        glRenderbufferStorageEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT24,width, height);
        glFramebufferRenderbufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT_EXT, GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, fboDepthbuffer);

        // Go back to regular frame buffer rendering
        glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, 0);

        glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
    }

    void bind(){
        glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, fbo);
    }
    void unbind(){
        glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, 0);
    }

    void clear(){
        glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, fbo);
            glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
        glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, 0);
    }};

更新:

glClearColor中的alpha值似乎是我的问题的一部分。

我尝试调整它，得到的结果是这样的： （使用上下缩放的四边形，就像您期望的那样）

不知何故，我似乎在某个地方失去了所有颜色。 奇怪的是，我在我的4个FBO中设置(0, 0, 0, 0)，并且为其中一个设置(0, 0, 0, 1)，得到了最佳结果。将所有FBO的值设置为(0, 0, 0, 0)只会产生略带灰色的图片（我认为这是没有任何内容的默认窗口）。

这是我的“混合着色器”：

uniform sampler2D originalSizeTex;
uniform sampler2D downscaledTex;

varying vec2 vTexCoord;

void main(void){
    vec4 colorOriginal = vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
    vec4 colorDownscale = vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);

    colorOriginal = texture2D(originalSizeTex, vTexCoord.xy);
    colorDownscale = texture2D(downscaledTex, vTexCoord.xy);

    gl_FragColor = vec4(colorOriginal + colorDownscale);
}

有什么猜测吗？

- Oradon

---

我遇到过这个问题几次，每一次都是由于深度测试导致的绘制问题。你最后的图像表明Z缓冲区中的矩形正在阻止完整屏幕四边形的某些部分绘制。然而，我在你的代码中找不到任何错误。 - Hannesh

Answer 1

这取决于你如何进行混合，但是--当你清除FBO时，你可能需要将清除颜色设置为0,0,0,0而不是0,0,0,1。

- Nathan Monteleone