X = P + m*(Q-P)
Y = R + n*(S-R)
假设我们首先找到Dsq的最小值和最大值，这将告诉我们是否有解：如果给定的dsq值小于最小值或大于最大值，则没有解决方案，我们可以停止。
设最小值出现的点的m和n值为m_min和n_min，最大值出现的点的m和n值为m_max和n_max。如果我们引入一个新变量z（在[0,1]范围内），那么我们可以考虑一条由m、n值组成的“线”：
m(z) = m_min + z*(m_max-m_min)
n(z) = n_min + z*(n_max-n_min)
Dsq = a + 2*b*m + 2*c*m + d*m*m + 2*e*m*n + f*m*m
where, in terms of dot products
a = (P-R).(P-R)
b = (P-R).(Q-P)
c =-(P-R).(S-R)
d = (Q-P).(Q-P)
e =-(Q-P).(S-R)
f = (S-R).(S-R)
// 3d vectors
static void v3_sub( double* P, double* Q, double* D)
{ D[0] = P[0]-Q[0];
D[1] = P[1]-Q[1];
D[2] = P[2]-Q[2];
}
static double v3_dot( double* P, double* Q)
{ return P[0]*Q[0] + P[1]*Q[1] + P[2]*Q[2];
}
// quadratic in one variable
// return *x so X -> r[0] + 2*r[1]*X + r[2]*X*X has minumum at *x
static int quad_min( const double*r, double* x)
{ if ( r[2] <= 0.0)
{ return 0;
}
*x = -r[1]/r[2];
return 1;
}
// return x so r[0] + 2*r[1]*x + r[2]*x*x == d, and whether 0<=x<=1
static int solve_quad( const double* r, double d, double* x)
{
double ap = r[0] - d;
if ( r[1] > 0.0)
{
double root1 = -(r[1] + sqrt( r[1]*r[1] - ap*r[2])); // < 0
*x = ap/root1;
}
else
{
double root1 = (-r[1] + sqrt( r[1]*r[1] - ap*r[2])); // >= 0
if ( root1 < r[2])
{ *x = root1/r[2];
}
else
{ *x = ap/root1;
}
}
return 0.0 <= *x && *x <= 1.0;
}
// quadratic in 2 variables
typedef struct
{ double a,b,c,d,e,f;
} quad2T;
static double eval_quad2( const quad2T* q, double m, double n)
{
return q->a
+ 2.0*(m*q->b + n*q->c)
+ m*m*q->d + 2.0*m*n*q->e + n*n*q->f
;
}
// eval coeffs of quad2 so that quad2(m,n) = distsq( P+m*(Q-P), R+n*(S-R))
static quad2T set_quad2( double* P, double* Q, double* R, double* S)
{
double D[3]; v3_sub( P, R, D);
double U[3]; v3_sub( Q, P, U);
double V[3]; v3_sub( S, R, V);
quad2T q;
// expansion of lengthSq( D+m*U-n*V)
q.a = v3_dot( D, D);
q.b = v3_dot( D, U);
q.c = -v3_dot( D, V);
q.d = v3_dot( U, U);
q.e = -v3_dot( U, V);
q.f = v3_dot( V, V);
return q;
}
// if gradient of q is 0 in [0,1]x[0,1], return (m,n) where it is zero
// gradient of q is 2*( q->b + m*q->d + n*q->e, q->c + m*q->e + n*q->f)
// so must solve ( q->d q->e ) * (m) = -(q->b)
// ( q->e q->f ) (n) (q->c)
static int dq_zero( const quad2T* q, double* m, double* n)
{
double det = q->d*q->f - q->e*q->e;
if ( det <= 0.0)
{ // note matrix be semi-positive definite, so negative determinant is rounding error
return 0;
}
*m = -( q->f*q->b - q->e*q->c)/det;
*n = -(-q->e*q->b + q->d*q->c)/det;
return 0.0 <= *m && *m <= 1.0
&& 0.0 <= *n && *n <= 1.0
;
}
// fill *n with minimising value, if any in [0,1], of n -> q(m0,n)
static int m_edge_min( const quad2T* q, double m0, double* n)
{
double r[3]; // coeffs of poly in n when m == m0
r[0] = q->a + 2.0*m0*q->b + m0*m0*q->d;
r[1] = q->c + m0*q->e;
r[2] = q->f;
return ( quad_min( r, n)
&& *n > 0.0 && *n < 1.0
);
}
// fill *m with minimising value, if any in [0,1], of m -> q(m,n0)
static int n_edge_min( const quad2T* q, double* m, double n0)
{
double r[3]; // coeffs of poly in m when n == n0
r[0] = q->a + 2.0*n0*q->c + n0*n0*q->f;
r[1] = q->b + n0*q->e;
r[2] = q->d;
return ( quad_min( r, m)
&& *m > 0.0 && *m < 1.0
);
}
// candidates for min, man
typedef struct
{ double m,n; // steps along lines
double d; // distance squared between points
} candT;
static int find_cands( const quad2T* q, candT* c)
{
int nc = 0;
double x, y;
// the corners
c[nc++] = (candT){ 0.0,0.0, eval_quad2( q, 0.0, 0.0)};
c[nc++] = (candT){ 0.0,1.0, eval_quad2( q, 0.0, 1.0)};
c[nc++] = (candT){ 1.0,1.0, eval_quad2( q, 1.0, 1.0)};
c[nc++] = (candT){ 1.0,0.0, eval_quad2( q, 1.0, 0.0)};
// the edges
if ( m_edge_min( q, 0.0, &x))
{ c[nc++] = (candT){ 0.0,x, eval_quad2( q, 0.0, x)};
}
if ( m_edge_min( q, 1.0, &x))
{ c[nc++] = (candT){ 1.0,x, eval_quad2( q, 1.0, x)};
}
if ( n_edge_min( q, &x, 0.0))
{ c[nc++] = (candT){ x, 0.0, eval_quad2( q, x, 0.0)};
}
if ( n_edge_min( q, &x, 1.0))
{ c[nc++] = (candT){ x, 1.0, eval_quad2( q, x, 1.0)};
}
// where the derivatives are 0
if ( dq_zero( q, &x, &y))
{ c[nc++] = (candT){ x, y, eval_quad2( q, x, y)};
}
return nc;
}
// fill in r so that
// r[0] + 2*r[1]*z + r[2]*z*z = q( minm+z*(maxm-minm), minn+x*(maxn-minn))
static void form_quad
( const quad2T* q
, double minm, double maxm
, double minn, double maxn
, double* r
)
{
double a = minm;
double c = maxm-minm;
double b = minn;
double d = maxn-minn;
r[0] = q->a + 2.0*q->b*a + 2.0*q->c*b + q->d*a*a + 2.0*q->e*a*b + q->f*b*b;
r[1] = q->b*c + q->c*d + q->d*a*c + q->e*(a*d+b*c) + q->f*b*d;
r[2] = q->d*c*c + 2.0*q->e*c*d + q->f*d*d;
}
static int find_points
( double* P, double* Q, double* R, double* S, double dsq, double* X, double* Y
)
{
double m, n;
quad2T q = set_quad2( P, Q, R, S);
candT c[9];
int nc = find_cands( &q, c); // find candidates for max and min
// find indices of max and min
int imin = 0;
int imax = 0;
for( int i=1; i<nc; ++i)
{ if ( c[i].d < c[imin].d)
{ imin = i;
}
else if ( c[i].d > c[imax].d)
{ imax = i;
}
}
// check if solution is possible -- should allow some slack here!
if ( c[imax].d < dsq || c[imin].d > dsq)
{ return 0;
}
// find solution
double r[3];
form_quad( &q, c[imin].m, c[imax].m, c[imin].n, c[imax].n, r);
double z;
if ( solve_quad( r, dsq, &z))
{ // fill in distances along
m = c[imin].m + z*(c[imax].m - c[imin].m);
n = c[imin].n + z*(c[imax].n - c[imin].n);
// compute points
for( int i=0; i<3; ++i)
{ X[i] = P[i] + m*(Q[i]-P[i]);
Y[i] = R[i] + n*(S[i]-R[i]);
}
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
Q(t)
|
|
P1 ------------x------------ P2
这个问题是由 Vladimir J. LUMELSKY 1985 年的文章 On fast computation of distance between line segments 的主题。
一般算法如下：
SegPoints()函数。from __future__ import division
def squared_distance_between_points(p, q):
"""Returns the squared distance between the point p and the point q."""
px, py, pz = p
qx, qy, qz = q
return (px - qx)**2 + (py - qy)**2 + (pz - qz)**2
def squared_distance_between_point_and_segment(p, q, r):
"""Returns the squared distance between the point p and the segment qr."""
px, py, pz = p
qx, qy, qz = q
rx, ry, rz = r
# Translate the points to move q to the origin (p' = p - q and r' = r - q).
px -= qx
py -= qy
pz -= qz
rx -= qx
ry -= qy
rz -= qz
# Project p' onto the line 0r'.
# The point on this line closest to p' is cr'.
c = (px * rx + py * ry + pz * rz) / (rx * rx + ry * ry + rz * rz)
# Derive c' by clamping c. The point on the segment 0r' closest to p is c'r'.
c = min(max(c, 0), 1)
# Compute the distance between p' and c'r'.
return squared_distance_between_points((px, py, pz),
(c * rx, c * ry, c * rz))
def trisect(p, q):
"""Returns the point one-third of the way from the point p to the point q."""
px, py, pz = p
qx, qy, qz = q
return ((2 * px + qx) / 3, (2 * py + qy) / 3, (2 * pz + qz) / 3)
def find_points_on_segments_at_distance(p, r, s, u, d, iterations=100):
"""Returns a point q on the segment pr and a point t on the segment su
such that the distance between q and t is approximately d.
If this is not possible (or barely possible), returns None."""
d **= 2
feasible = False
for i in range(2 * int(iterations)):
q1 = trisect(p, r)
d1 = squared_distance_between_point_and_segment(q1, s, u)
q2 = trisect(r, p)
d2 = squared_distance_between_point_and_segment(q2, s, u)
if d <= min(d1, d2):
# Use convexity to cut off one third of the search space.
if d1 <= d2:
r = q2
else:
p = q1
elif d <= max(d1, d2):
# There is certainly a solution in the middle third.
feasible = True
p = q1
r = q2
elif (d <= squared_distance_between_points(p, s)
or d <= squared_distance_between_points(p, u)):
# There is certainly a solution in the first third.
feasible = True
r = q1
elif (d <= squared_distance_between_points(r, s)
or d <= squared_distance_between_points(r, u)):
# There is certainly a solution in the last third.
feasible = True
p = q2
else:
# Definitely infeasible.
return None
# Swap the segments.
p, r, s, u = s, u, p, r
if not feasible:
return None
return p, r