以Django教程中的（部分）投票应用为例，我正在尝试运行pytest-django。
使用命令django-admin startproject mysite2，我创建了一个具有以下结构的项目目录：
.
├── db.sqlite3
├── manage.py
├── mysite2
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── settings.py
│ ├── urls.py
│ └── wsgi.py
├── polls
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── admin.py
│ ├── apps.py
│ ├── migrations
│ │ ├── 0001_initial.py
│ │ └── __init__.py
│ ├── models.py
│ ├── tests.py
│ ├── urls.py
│ └── views.py
└── pytest.ini
我的 pytest.ini 看起来像这样
[pytest]
DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE = mysite2.settings
python_files = tests.py test_*.py *_tests.py
按照教程，在polls/models.py中我创建了Question和Choice模型：
import datetime
from django.db import models
from django.utils import timezone
class Question(models.Model):
question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
def __str__(self):
return self.question_text
def was_published_recently(self):
return self.pub_date >= timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
class Choice(models.Model):
question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
def __str__(self):
return self.choice_text
现在，如果我按照教程所述创建了
tests.py文件，该文件基于Python内置的unittest模块。import datetime
from django.utils import timezone
from django.test import TestCase
from .models import Question
class QuestionModelTests(TestCase):
def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self):
time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)
future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)
当我在命令行中运行
python manage.py test时，测试失败，预期结果为：Creating test database for alias 'default'...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
F
======================================================================
FAIL: test_was_published_recently_with_future_question (polls.tests.QuestionModelTests)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/kurtpeek/Documents/Scratch/mysite2/polls/tests.py", line 23, in test_was_published_recently_with_future_question
self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)
AssertionError: True is not False
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.001s
FAILED (failures=1)
Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
然而，如果我将测试代码更改为（尝试的）pytest 等效方式（即，无需子类化 TestCase 并具有普通断言）：
def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question():
time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)
future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
assert future_question.was_published_recently() is False
当我运行
pytest命令时，出现以下错误：================================= test session starts ==================================
platform darwin -- Python 3.6.3, pytest-3.2.3, py-1.4.34, pluggy-0.4.0
rootdir: /Users/kurtpeek/Documents/Scratch/mysite2, inifile: pytest.ini
plugins: timeout-1.2.1
collected 0 items / 1 errors
======================================== ERRORS ========================================
___________________________ ERROR collecting polls/tests.py ____________________________
polls/tests.py:10: in <module>
from .models import Question
polls/models.py:6: in <module>
class Question(models.Model):
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/models/base.py:100: in __new__
app_config = apps.get_containing_app_config(module)
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/apps/registry.py:244: in get_containing_app_config
self.check_apps_ready()
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/apps/registry.py:127: in check_apps_ready
raise AppRegistryNotReady("Apps aren't loaded yet.")
E django.core.exceptions.AppRegistryNotReady: Apps aren't loaded yet.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Interrupted: 1 errors during collection !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
=============================== 1 error in 0.64 seconds ================================
到目前为止，我还没有找到解决这个问题的方法。你有什么想法可以让测试运行起来吗？
DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE。我花了很长时间才弄清楚。 - Pithikos