我遇到了一个与SSL和Python到google.com（或更普遍地说，我认为是具有多个证书链的域）有关的非常奇怪的错误。每当我尝试向https://*.google.com/whatever发出请求时，我会收到以下错误：
SSLError: ("bad handshake: Error([('SSL routines', 'SSL3_GET_SERVER_CERTIFICATE', 'certificate verify failed')],)",) while doing GET request to URL: https://google.com/
我所做的工作
我试了很多方法，但仍无法使其正常工作，现在只能求助于 Stack Overflow。以下是我尝试过的方法：
发现
date返回的日期比实际时间早2分钟（可能导致证书失效）。我修复了这个问题并希望它能验证证书，但未能解决该问题。发现 Python 2.7.9 从 Python 3 中移植了一些 SSL 库。我将 Python 版本从 2.7.6 升级到 2.7.9，以为升级会解决该问题（包含在此线程中列出的修复内容：https://serverfault.com/questions/692110/error-with-python2-as-a-https-client-with-an-nginx-server-and-ssl-certificate-ch），但没有成功，错误依旧。
显然，设置
verify=False可以解决问题，但我们不能在安全性方面妥协，必须让verify=True正常工作。curl https://google.com也正常工作。这就表明问题与 Python 相关。
环境
$ python -V
Python 2.7.9
$ pip list | grep -e requests
requests (2.9.1)
$ uname-a # ubuntu 14.04
Linux staging.example.com 3.13.0-48-generic #80-Ubuntu SMP Thu Mar 12 11:16:15 UTC 2015 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
例子
仅在使用https的谷歌域名上发生。这是一个例子:
$ ipython
Python 2.7.9 (default, Jan 6 2016, 21:37:32)
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
IPython 4.0.1 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
? -> Introduction and overview of IPython's features.
%quickref -> Quick reference.
help -> Python's own help system.
object? -> Details about 'object', use 'object??' for extra details.
In [1]: import requests
In [2]: requests.get('https://facebook.com', verify=True)
Out[2]: <Response [200]>
In [3]: requests.get('https://stackoverflow.com', verify=True)
Out[3]: <Response [200]>
In [4]: requests.get('https://spotify.com', verify=True)
Out[4]: <Response [200]>
In [5]: requests.get('http://google.com', verify=True) # notice the http
Out[5]: <Response [200]>
In [6]: requests.get('https://google.com', verify=True)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
SSLError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-6-a7fff1831944> in <module>()
----> 1 requests.get('https://google.com', verify=True)
/example/.virtualenv/example/lib/python2.7/site-packages/requests/api.pyc in get(url, params, **kwargs)
65
66 kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
---> 67 return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)
68
69
/example/.virtualenv/example/lib/python2.7/site-packages/requests/api.pyc in request(method, url, **kwargs)
51 # cases, and look like a memory leak in others.
52 with sessions.Session() as session:
---> 53 return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
54
55
/example/.virtualenv/example/lib/python2.7/site-packages/requests/sessions.pyc in request(self, method, url, params, data, headers, cookies, files, auth, timeout, allow_redirects, proxies, hooks, stream, verify, cert, json)
466 }
467 send_kwargs.update(settings)
--> 468 resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
469
470 return resp
/example/.virtualenv/example/lib/python2.7/site-packages/requests/sessions.pyc in send(self, request, **kwargs)
574
575 # Send the request
--> 576 r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
577
578 # Total elapsed time of the request (approximately)
/example/.virtualenv/example/lib/python2.7/site-packages/requests/adapters.pyc in send(self, request, stream, timeout, verify, cert, proxies)
445 except (_SSLError, _HTTPError) as e:
446 if isinstance(e, _SSLError):
--> 447 raise SSLError(e, request=request)
448 elif isinstance(e, ReadTimeoutError):
449 raise ReadTimeout(e, request=request)
SSLError: ("bad handshake: Error([('SSL routines', 'SSL3_GET_SERVER_CERTIFICATE', 'certificate verify failed')],)",)
- 为什么几天前还能正常工作?
- 我使用的是2016.2.28版本，那么这个bug还存在吗？
- Walter Traspadinipip install requests[security]命令后开始出现的，目的是为了消除烦人的警告。 - seanscertifi中，这个问题仍然存在，对我来说解决方案是从上面提到的GitHub问题的底部：pip install requests[security]。 - expz