当我运行我的(C++)程序时,它会崩溃并显示以下错误:
* glibc detected * ./load: double free or corruption (!prev): 0x0000000000c6ed50 ***
如何跟踪错误?
我尝试使用打印语句 (std::cout
),但没有成功。是否可以使用gdb
程序来更轻松地进行调试?
MALLOC_CHECK_
为2
,这将使glibc使用一个容错版本的malloc
,并在双重释放发生的点导致程序中止。MALLOC_CHECK_2
实际上解决了我的双重释放问题(虽然仅在非调试模式下才可以解决)。 - puk存在至少两种可能的情况:
对于第一种情况,我强烈建议将所有已删除指针设为 NULL。
您有三个选项:
三个基本规则:
NULL
NULL
NULL
这三个规则的结合效果非常好。
使用现代C++编译器,您可以使用sanitizer来跟踪。
示例:
我的程序:
$cat d_free.cxx
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int * i = new int();
delete i;
//i = NULL;
delete i;
}
使用地址检查器进行编译:
# g++-7.1 d_free.cxx -Wall -Werror -fsanitize=address -g
执行:
# ./a.out
=================================================================
==4836==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: attempting double-free on 0x602000000010 in thread T0:
#0 0x7f35b2d7b3c8 in operator delete(void*, unsigned long) /media/sf_shared/gcc-7.1.0/libsanitizer/asan/asan_new_delete.cc:140
#1 0x400b2c in main /media/sf_shared/jkr/cpp/d_free/d_free.cxx:11
#2 0x7f35b2050c04 in __libc_start_main (/lib64/libc.so.6+0x21c04)
#3 0x400a08 (/media/sf_shared/jkr/cpp/d_free/a.out+0x400a08)
0x602000000010 is located 0 bytes inside of 4-byte region [0x602000000010,0x602000000014)
freed by thread T0 here:
#0 0x7f35b2d7b3c8 in operator delete(void*, unsigned long) /media/sf_shared/gcc-7.1.0/libsanitizer/asan/asan_new_delete.cc:140
#1 0x400b1b in main /media/sf_shared/jkr/cpp/d_free/d_free.cxx:9
#2 0x7f35b2050c04 in __libc_start_main (/lib64/libc.so.6+0x21c04)
previously allocated by thread T0 here:
#0 0x7f35b2d7a040 in operator new(unsigned long) /media/sf_shared/gcc-7.1.0/libsanitizer/asan/asan_new_delete.cc:80
#1 0x400ac9 in main /media/sf_shared/jkr/cpp/d_free/d_free.cxx:8
#2 0x7f35b2050c04 in __libc_start_main (/lib64/libc.so.6+0x21c04)
SUMMARY: AddressSanitizer: double-free /media/sf_shared/gcc-7.1.0/libsanitizer/asan/asan_new_delete.cc:140 in operator delete(void*, unsigned long)
==4836==ABORTING
您可以使用 valgrind
进行调试。
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
char *x = malloc(100);
free(x);
free(x);
return 0;
}
[sand@PS-CNTOS-64-S11 testbox]$ vim t1.c
[sand@PS-CNTOS-64-S11 testbox]$ cc -g t1.c -o t1
[sand@PS-CNTOS-64-S11 testbox]$ ./t1
*** glibc detected *** ./t1: double free or corruption (top): 0x00000000058f7010 ***
======= Backtrace: =========
/lib64/libc.so.6[0x3a3127245f]
/lib64/libc.so.6(cfree+0x4b)[0x3a312728bb]
./t1[0x400500]
/lib64/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0xf4)[0x3a3121d994]
./t1[0x400429]
======= Memory map: ========
00400000-00401000 r-xp 00000000 68:02 30246184 /home/sand/testbox/t1
00600000-00601000 rw-p 00000000 68:02 30246184 /home/sand/testbox/t1
058f7000-05918000 rw-p 058f7000 00:00 0 [heap]
3a30e00000-3a30e1c000 r-xp 00000000 68:03 5308733 /lib64/ld-2.5.so
3a3101b000-3a3101c000 r--p 0001b000 68:03 5308733 /lib64/ld-2.5.so
3a3101c000-3a3101d000 rw-p 0001c000 68:03 5308733 /lib64/ld-2.5.so
3a31200000-3a3134e000 r-xp 00000000 68:03 5310248 /lib64/libc-2.5.so
3a3134e000-3a3154e000 ---p 0014e000 68:03 5310248 /lib64/libc-2.5.so
3a3154e000-3a31552000 r--p 0014e000 68:03 5310248 /lib64/libc-2.5.so
3a31552000-3a31553000 rw-p 00152000 68:03 5310248 /lib64/libc-2.5.so
3a31553000-3a31558000 rw-p 3a31553000 00:00 0
3a41c00000-3a41c0d000 r-xp 00000000 68:03 5310264 /lib64/libgcc_s-4.1.2-20080825.so.1
3a41c0d000-3a41e0d000 ---p 0000d000 68:03 5310264 /lib64/libgcc_s-4.1.2-20080825.so.1
3a41e0d000-3a41e0e000 rw-p 0000d000 68:03 5310264 /lib64/libgcc_s-4.1.2-20080825.so.1
2b1912300000-2b1912302000 rw-p 2b1912300000 00:00 0
2b191231c000-2b191231d000 rw-p 2b191231c000 00:00 0
7ffffe214000-7ffffe229000 rw-p 7ffffffe9000 00:00 0 [stack]
7ffffe2b0000-7ffffe2b4000 r-xp 7ffffe2b0000 00:00 0 [vdso]
ffffffffff600000-ffffffffffe00000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0 [vsyscall]
Aborted
[sand@PS-CNTOS-64-S11 testbox]$
[sand@PS-CNTOS-64-S11 testbox]$ vim t1.c
[sand@PS-CNTOS-64-S11 testbox]$ cc -g t1.c -o t1
[sand@PS-CNTOS-64-S11 testbox]$ valgrind --tool=memcheck ./t1
==20859== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==20859== Copyright (C) 2002-2009, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==20859== Using Valgrind-3.5.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==20859== Command: ./t1
==20859==
==20859== Invalid free() / delete / delete[]
==20859== at 0x4A05A31: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:325)
==20859== by 0x4004FF: main (t1.c:8)
==20859== Address 0x4c26040 is 0 bytes inside a block of size 100 free'd
==20859== at 0x4A05A31: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:325)
==20859== by 0x4004F6: main (t1.c:7)
==20859==
==20859==
==20859== HEAP SUMMARY:
==20859== in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==20859== total heap usage: 1 allocs, 2 frees, 100 bytes allocated
==20859==
==20859== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible
==20859==
==20859== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v
==20859== ERROR SUMMARY: 1 errors from 1 contexts (suppressed: 4 from 4)
[sand@PS-CNTOS-64-S11 testbox]$
[sand@PS-CNTOS-64-S11 testbox]$ valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=full ./t1
==20899== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==20899== Copyright (C) 2002-2009, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==20899== Using Valgrind-3.5.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==20899== Command: ./t1
==20899==
==20899== Invalid free() / delete / delete[]
==20899== at 0x4A05A31: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:325)
==20899== by 0x4004FF: main (t1.c:8)
==20899== Address 0x4c26040 is 0 bytes inside a block of size 100 free'd
==20899== at 0x4A05A31: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:325)
==20899== by 0x4004F6: main (t1.c:7)
==20899==
==20899==
==20899== HEAP SUMMARY:
==20899== in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==20899== total heap usage: 1 allocs, 2 frees, 100 bytes allocated
==20899==
==20899== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible
==20899==
==20899== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v
==20899== ERROR SUMMARY: 1 errors from 1 contexts (suppressed: 4 from 4)
[sand@PS-CNTOS-64-S11 testbox]$
一个可能的修复方法:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
char *x = malloc(100);
free(x);
x=NULL;
free(x);
return 0;
}
[sand@PS-CNTOS-64-S11 testbox]$ vim t1.c
[sand@PS-CNTOS-64-S11 testbox]$ cc -g t1.c -o t1
[sand@PS-CNTOS-64-S11 testbox]$ ./t1
[sand@PS-CNTOS-64-S11 testbox]$
[sand@PS-CNTOS-64-S11 testbox]$ valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=full ./t1
==20958== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==20958== Copyright (C) 2002-2009, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==20958== Using Valgrind-3.5.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==20958== Command: ./t1
==20958==
==20958==
==20958== HEAP SUMMARY:
==20958== in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==20958== total heap usage: 1 allocs, 1 frees, 100 bytes allocated
==20958==
==20958== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible
==20958==
==20958== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v
==20958== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 4 from 4)
[sand@PS-CNTOS-64-S11 testbox]$
看看使用 Valgrind 的博客 链接
您是否正在使用像Boost的shared_ptr
等智能指针?如果是,请检查是否直接通过调用get()
使用了原始指针。我发现这是一个相当常见的问题。
例如,假设将原始指针(可能作为回调处理程序)传递给您的代码。您可能会决定将其分配给智能指针以处理引用计数等。大错特错:除非进行深度复制,否则您的代码不拥有此指针。当您的代码完成智能指针的使用后,它将销毁它并试图销毁它所指向的内存,因为它认为没有其他人需要它,但是调用代码将尝试删除它,并出现双重释放问题。
当然,这可能不是您在这里遇到的问题。这里最简单的例子说明了如何出现这种情况。第一个删除操作没问题,但编译器检测到已经删除了该内存,从而导致问题。那就是为什么在删除后立即将指针赋值为0是一个好主意。
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
char* ptr = new char[20];
delete[] ptr;
ptr = 0; // Comment me out and watch me crash and burn.
delete[] ptr;
}
编辑:将delete
改为delete[]
,因为ptr是一个char数组。
CUDA 10.0
,而我的程序的一个依赖项则链接到了 CUDA 10.2 (cudart.10.2.so)
。这种不一致性导致了 "double free or corruption" 错误。ldd <your program>
命令查看依赖项中是否有多个版本的 CUDA 库。我知道这是一个非常老的帖子,但它是谷歌搜索此错误的顶部结果,而且没有任何回复提到错误的常见原因。
那就是关闭你已经关闭的文件。
如果你不注意,并且有两个不同的函数关闭同一个文件,那么第二个函数将生成此错误。
NULL
(这样会掩盖本应被捕获的错误,正如这个问题中所展示的那样),但没有人建议完全避免手动内存管理,而这在 C++ 中是完全可行的。我已经好几年没有写过delete
了。(是的,我的代码对性能要求很高,否则它就不会用 C++ 编写。) - sbiNULL
可能会使您的程序更早崩溃。 - HasturkunNULL
的主要动机是为了防止第二个delete ptr;
导致程序崩溃 - 这会掩盖一个错误,因为这个第二个delete
操作本来就不应该发生。(这也用于检查指针是否仍然指向有效对象。但这只会引发一个问题,为什么在作用域内有一个没有对象可以指向的指针。) - sbi