图像稳定/对齐算法

5
根据我在网上阅读的内容,图像稳定最有效的算法之一是使用格雷编码位平面匹配。然而,我很难理解它(格雷编码本身并不复杂,问题出在其他方面)。有没有人能够指导我学习这个主题(或者其他好的稳定方法),并且能够比大多数发表的论文更易懂?示例代码胜过抽象的广义方程式。对于我的目的,视频不会进行平移或缩放,帧中也没有移动的物体。
2个回答

6
您可以先尝试一些简单的方法,我最近在这里提出了一些建议:使用OpenCV进行视频稳定 在您的情况下(无移动,无缩放,静态场景),相位相关可能已经足够,并且非常容易(例如,参见维基百科上的解释)。 如果我记得正确,有几个可用于avisynth的视频稳定滤镜/插件使用了相位相关-您可以先尝试它们。
对于我的需求,我实现了一个简单的工具,采用SURF / Homography路线来对齐多个图像(对齐图像,而不是视频)。 您也可以尝试一下,看看是否足够满足您的需求:http://web.archive.org/web/20101004234404/http://ioctl.eu/wiki/applications/ImageAlign (嘿,我希望该代码仍然可以运行...)

2
ImageAlign链接404了 - 有没有更新的URL? :) - taber
1
@genpfault 谢谢!但我指的是 .zip 下载链接,Wayback Machine 的链接仍然失效。 - taber

2
我编写了一个简单的函数,稳定视频帧的三个缓冲区,分别为红色、绿色和蓝色。它不是最快的,但对于NTSC DVD帧(720x480),在E-machines t6412上可以以大约1.7帧每秒的速度运行。您只需选择图像中心的位置,并通过累加每个像素匹配的比特数来将其与上一帧进行比较。在嵌套循环中,为最近帧的搜索区域偏移一个像素,直到循环迭代完成。我尝试过模拟FIR相关性,但与选择具有最匹配比特的对齐偏移相比,效果不佳。此算法还使输出视频填满屏幕,而不是随着摄像机抖动而波动的黑色条纹。
#define min(a, b)  (((a) < (b)) ? (a) : (b)) 
#define max(a, b)  (((a) > (b)) ? (a) : (b))

int cubic(int x,int *v)
{  
    int q1,q2,q3,q4;
    q1=( -1792 * v[0] + 5376 * v[1] - 5376 * v[2] + 1792 * v[3] ) >> 8;
    q2=( 3840 * v[0] - 9216 * v[1] + 6912 * v[2] - 1536 * v[3] ) >> 8;
    q3=( -2304 * v[0] + 2304 * v[2] ) >> 8;
    q4=(v[0] + 4096 * v[1] + v[2]) >> 8;
    return  (((((((((q1 * x) >> 8) + q2 ) * x ) >> 8)+ q3 ) * x) >> 8) + q4 ) >> 4;
}


double get_mono_cubic_row(unsigned char * redbuf,unsigned long width, unsigned long height,signed long x,signed long y,signed int offset)
{
    int m[4]={0,0,0,0};
    if(x+3<width && x>=0 && y<height && y>0)
    {

        m[0]=redbuf[x+y*width];
        m[1]=redbuf[(x+1)+y*width];
        m[2]=redbuf[(x+2)+y*width];
        m[3]=redbuf[(x+3)+y*width];

    }
    else
    {
        m[0]=255;
        m[1]=255;
        m[2]=255;
        m[3]=255;
    }

    return cubic(offset,m);


}

unsigned char get_mono_bicubic (unsigned char *redbuf, unsigned long width,unsigned long height,double x, double y)
{
    int xi=0,yi=0;
    int dx=0,dy =0;
    int  m[4]={0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0}; /* four of one mono pixel */
    xi=floor(x);
    yi=floor(y);
    dx=(x-xi) * 256;
    dy=(y-yi) * 256;
    if(yi+3<height && xi>0 && yi>0 && xi<width)
    {
        m[0]=get_mono_cubic_row(redbuf,width,height,xi-1,yi-1,dx);
        m[1]=get_mono_cubic_row(redbuf,width,height,xi-1,yi,dx);
        m[2]=get_mono_cubic_row(redbuf,width,height,xi-1,yi+1,dx);
        m[3]=get_mono_cubic_row(redbuf,width,height,xi-1,yi+2,dx);
    }
    else
    {
        m[0]=255;
        m[1]=255;
        m[2]=255;
        m[3]=255;
    }


    return clip(cubic(dy,m));

}


void mono_scale_exact(unsigned char *redbuf,unsigned long width, unsigned long height,unsigned long desired_width, unsigned long desired_height)
{
    unsigned char *tempbuf=NULL;
    double ratio_x=(desired_width * (1.0/(double)width));
    double ratio_y=(desired_height * (1.0/(double)height));
    unsigned long maxwidth=1;
    unsigned long maxheight=1;
    double u=0;
    int x=0;
    int y=0;
    double v=0;
    maxwidth=max(desired_width,width);
    maxheight=max(desired_height,height);
    tempbuf=(unsigned char*)malloc(maxwidth * maxheight * sizeof(unsigned char));
    if(tempbuf!=NULL)
    {
        /* first the red */
        for(y=0;y<desired_height;y++)
        {
            for(x=0;x<desired_width;x++)
            {
                u = x * (1.0/ratio_x);
                v = y * (1.0/ratio_y);
                tempbuf[x+y*desired_width]=get_mono_bicubic (redbuf,width,height,u,v);
            }
        }  
        for(y=0;y<desired_height;y++)
        {
            for(x=0;x<desired_width;x++)
            {
                redbuf[x+y*desired_width]=tempbuf[x+y*desired_width];
            }
        }
        free(tempbuf);  
    }

  } 



void fatal(void)
{
    exit(1);
}

#define DEBUG_STABLE 0
unsigned char digital_image_stabilization(unsigned char *redbuf, unsigned char *greenbuf, unsigned char *bluebuf,
unsigned long width, unsigned long height, unsigned short search_len,unsigned short twiddle)
{
    static unsigned char *search_scratch=NULL;
    static unsigned char *tempbuf=NULL;
    unsigned long in_x=0;
    unsigned long in_y=0;
    static signed long x_adj=0;
    static signed long y_adj=0;
    unsigned long out_x=0;
    const unsigned int mask[8]={1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128};
    unsigned long out_y=0;
    signed long mid_x=0;
    signed long mid_y=0;
    static signed long center_x=0;
    static signed long center_y=0;
    static signed long end_center_x=0;
    static signed long end_center_y=0;
    static unsigned char first=1;
    int search_x=0;
    int search_y=0;
    unsigned long peak=0;
    static int new_width=0;
    static int new_height=0;
    int tww_y=0;
    int twp_y=0;
    static unsigned long *twiddle_scratch=NULL;
    if(first==1)
    {
        center_x=(width/2)-(search_len/2);
        if(center_x<twiddle)center_x=twiddle;
        center_y=(height/2)-(search_len/2);
        if(center_y<twiddle)center_y=twiddle;
        if((search_len+center_x)>width)fatal();
        if((search_len+center_y)>height)fatal();
        end_center_y=center_y+search_len;
        end_center_x=center_x+search_len;
        new_width=width-twiddle;
        new_height=height-twiddle;
        search_scratch=(unsigned char *)malloc((search_len * search_len) * sizeof(unsigned char));
        tempbuf=(unsigned char *)malloc((width * height) * sizeof(unsigned char));
        twiddle_scratch=(unsigned long *)malloc((twiddle * twiddle) * sizeof(unsigned long));
        if(search_scratch==NULL || tempbuf==NULL || twiddle_scratch==NULL)fatal();
        first=0;
    }
    for(search_y=0;search_y<twiddle;search_y++)
    {
        for(search_x=0;search_x<twiddle;search_x++)
        {
            twiddle_scratch[search_x+search_y]=0;
        }
    }

    /* Multiply-accumulate */
    for(mid_y=0;mid_y<twiddle;mid_y++)
    {
        int twp_x=0;
        for(mid_x=0;mid_x<twiddle;mid_x++)
        {
            unsigned long acc=0;
            int tw_y=0;
            for(in_y=center_y;in_y<end_center_y;in_y++)
            {
                int tw_x=0;
                for(in_x=center_x;in_x<end_center_x;in_x++)
                {
                    unsigned long bmpptr=(in_x+mid_x)+(in_y+mid_y)*width;
                    unsigned int cur_gray=((((77 * redbuf[bmpptr])+(151 * greenbuf[bmpptr]) + (28 * bluebuf[bmpptr])) >> 8) & 255);
                    unsigned int last_gray=search_scratch[tw_x+tw_y*search_len];
                    acc+=(!((last_gray ^ cur_gray) & mask[0]));
                    acc+=(!(((last_gray ^ cur_gray) & mask[1]) >> 1));
                    acc+=(!(((last_gray ^ cur_gray) & mask[2]) >> 2));
                    acc+=(!(((last_gray ^ cur_gray) & mask[3]) >> 3));
                    acc+=(!(((last_gray ^ cur_gray) & mask[4]) >> 4));
                    acc+=(!(((last_gray ^ cur_gray) & mask[5]) >> 5));
                    acc+=(!(((last_gray ^ cur_gray) & mask[6]) >> 6));
                    acc+=(!(((last_gray ^ cur_gray) & mask[7]) >> 7));
                    tw_x++;
                }
                tw_y++;
            }
            //acc/=(search_len * search_len);
            twiddle_scratch[twp_x+twp_y*twiddle]=acc;
            twp_x++;
        }
        twp_y++;
    }

    for(search_y=0;search_y<twiddle;search_y++)
    {
        for(search_x=0;search_x<twiddle;search_x++)
        {
            if(twiddle_scratch[search_x+search_y*twiddle]>peak)
            {
                peak=twiddle_scratch[search_x+search_y*twiddle];
                x_adj=search_x;
                y_adj=search_y;
            }
        }
    }
    /* update the scratch area with the stabilized image */
    tww_y=0;
    for(in_y=center_y;in_y<end_center_y;in_y++)
    {
        int tww_x=0;
        for(in_x=center_x;in_x<end_center_x;in_x++)
        {
            unsigned long out_bmpptr=tww_x+tww_y*search_len;
            #if !DEBUG_STABLE
            signed long safe_x=(in_x+x_adj);
            signed long safe_y=(in_y+y_adj);
            #endif
            #if DEBUG_STABLE
            signed long safe_x=(in_x-x_adj);
            signed long safe_y=(in_y-y_adj);
            #endif
            unsigned long in_bmpptr=0;

            unsigned char cur_gray=0;
            if(safe_x<0)safe_x=0;
            if(safe_y<0)safe_y=0;
            in_bmpptr=safe_x+safe_y*width;
            cur_gray=((77 * redbuf[in_bmpptr])+(151 * greenbuf[in_bmpptr]) + (28 * bluebuf[in_bmpptr])) >> 8;
            search_scratch[out_bmpptr]=cur_gray;
            tww_x++;
        }
        tww_y++;
    }
    /* move red */
    for(out_y=twiddle;out_y<height;out_y++)
    {
        for(out_x=twiddle;out_x<width;out_x++)
        {
            signed long out_bmpptr=(out_x-twiddle)+(out_y-twiddle)*new_width;
            #if !DEBUG_STABLE
            signed long safe_x=((out_x-twiddle)+x_adj);
            signed long safe_y=((out_y-twiddle)+y_adj);
            #endif

            #if DEBUG_STABLE
            signed long safe_x=(out_x-x_adj);
            signed long safe_y=(out_y-y_adj);

            unsigned long bad_bmpptr=out_x+out_y*width;
            #endif
            signed long in_bmpptr=0;
            if(safe_x<0)safe_x=0;
            if(safe_y<0)safe_y=0;
            if(safe_x>width)safe_x=width;
            if(safe_y>height)safe_y=height;
            in_bmpptr=safe_x+safe_y*width;
            #if DEBUG_STABLE
            tempbuf[out_bmpptr]=((safe_x>center_x-8 && safe_x<center_x+8) && (safe_y>center_y-8 && safe_y<center_y+8)) ? 255 :redbuf[bad_bmpptr];
            #endif
            #if !DEBUG_STABLE
            tempbuf[out_bmpptr]=redbuf[in_bmpptr];
            #endif
        }
    }
    mono_scale_exact(tempbuf,new_width,new_height,width,height);
    for(out_y=0;out_y<height;out_y++)
    {
        for(out_x=0;out_x<width;out_x++)
        {
            unsigned long bmpptr=out_x+out_y*width;
            redbuf[bmpptr]=tempbuf[bmpptr];
        }
    }
    /* move green */
    for(out_y=twiddle;out_y<height;out_y++)
    {
        for(out_x=twiddle;out_x<width;out_x++)
        {
            signed long out_bmpptr=(out_x-twiddle)+(out_y-twiddle)*new_width;
            #if !DEBUG_STABLE
            signed long safe_x=((out_x-twiddle)+x_adj);
            signed long safe_y=((out_y-twiddle)+y_adj);
            #endif

            #if DEBUG_STABLE
            signed long safe_x=(out_x-x_adj);
            signed long safe_y=(out_y-y_adj);

            unsigned long bad_bmpptr=out_x+out_y*width;
            #endif
            signed long in_bmpptr=0;
            if(safe_x<0)safe_x=0;
            if(safe_y<0)safe_y=0;
            if(safe_x>width)safe_x=width;
            if(safe_y>height)safe_y=height;         
            in_bmpptr=safe_x+safe_y*width;
            #if DEBUG_STABLE
            tempbuf[out_bmpptr]=((safe_x>center_x-8 && safe_x<center_x+8) && (safe_y>center_y-8 && safe_y<center_y+8)) ? 0 :greenbuf[bad_bmpptr];
            #endif
            #if !DEBUG_STABLE
            tempbuf[out_bmpptr]=greenbuf[in_bmpptr];
            #endif

        }
    }
    mono_scale_exact(tempbuf,new_width,new_height,width,height);
    for(out_y=0;out_y<height;out_y++)
    {
        for(out_x=0;out_x<width;out_x++)
        {
            unsigned long bmpptr=out_x+out_y*width;
            greenbuf[bmpptr]=tempbuf[bmpptr];
        }
    }
    /* move blue */
    for(out_y=twiddle;out_y<height;out_y++)
    {
        for(out_x=twiddle;out_x<width;out_x++)
        {
            signed long out_bmpptr=(out_x-twiddle)+(out_y-twiddle)*new_width;
            #if !DEBUG_STABLE
            signed long safe_x=((out_x-twiddle)+x_adj);
            signed long safe_y=((out_y-twiddle)+y_adj);
            #endif
            #if DEBUG_STABLE
            signed long safe_x=(out_x-x_adj);
            signed long safe_y=(out_y-y_adj);

            unsigned long bad_bmpptr=out_x+out_y*width;
            #endif
            signed long in_bmpptr=0;
            if(safe_x<0)safe_x=0;
            if(safe_y<0)safe_y=0;
            if(safe_x>width)safe_x=width;
            if(safe_y>height)safe_y=height;
            in_bmpptr=safe_x+safe_y*width;
            #if DEBUG_STABLE
            tempbuf[out_bmpptr]=((safe_x>center_x-8 && safe_x<center_x+8) && (safe_y>center_y-8 && safe_y<center_y+8)) ? 255 :bluebuf[bad_bmpptr];
            #endif
            #if !DEBUG_STABLE
            tempbuf[out_bmpptr]=bluebuf[in_bmpptr];
            #endif
        }
    }
    mono_scale_exact(tempbuf,new_width,new_height,width,height);
    for(out_y=0;out_y<height;out_y++)
    {
        for(out_x=0;out_x<width;out_x++)
        {
            unsigned long bmpptr=out_x+out_y*width;
            bluebuf[bmpptr]=tempbuf[bmpptr];
        }
    }
    return (x_adj==0 && y_adj==0) ? 0 : 1;
}

为了使用它,需要将红色通道填充到*redbuf中,将绿色通道填充到*greenbuf中,将蓝色通道填充到*bluebuf中,并调用digital_image_stabilization函数。一旦该函数完成,缓冲区将具有稳定的图像。我使用96进行搜索长度,32进行twiddle。

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