我一直在尝试使用MSVC编译器和Intel MKL在Windows 10上从源代码编译NumPy。
我的系统是Windows 10.0.18363，使用Microsoft Visual Studio 2019（16.8.4）和Intel MKL 2017.8.275。
我使用最新的Python和NumPy进行了最小化的设置，成功地复现了这个问题。
Download latest Python (3.9.1) and latest NumPy (1.20.1) source.
Open a VS command prompt, unpack Python source, build with
PCbuild\build.batRun
mklvars.bat intel64to get the right environment variables set.Add the Intel compilers (needed for ifort) to PATH:
set PATH=C:\Program Files (x86)\IntelSWTools\compilers_and_libraries\windows\bin\intel64;%PATH%Create a virtual env, copy a few files from the Python build and activate the virtual env:
copy Python\PCbuild\amd64\python39.dll venv\Scripts copy Python\PC\pyconfig.h venv\IncludeBuild NumPy from source and install:
pip install . -vTry to import NumPy:
python -c "import numpy"
错误信息
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\cygwin\home\user\numpy_clean_env\venv\lib\site-packages\numpy\core\__init__.py", line 22, in <module>
from . import multiarray
File "C:\cygwin\home\user\numpy_clean_env\venv\lib\site-packages\numpy\core\multiarray.py", line 12, in <module>
from . import overrides
File "C:\cygwin\home\user\numpy_clean_env\venv\lib\site-packages\numpy\core\overrides.py", line 7, in <module>
from numpy.core._multiarray_umath import (
ImportError: DLL load failed while importing _multiarray_umath: The specified module could not be found.
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
File "C:\cygwin\home\user\numpy_clean_env\venv\lib\site-packages\numpy\__init__.py", line 145, in <module>
from . import core
File "C:\cygwin\home\user\numpy_clean_env\venv\lib\site-packages\numpy\core\__init__.py", line 48, in <module>
raise ImportError(msg)
ImportError:
IMPORTANT: PLEASE READ THIS FOR ADVICE ON HOW TO SOLVE THIS ISSUE!
Importing the numpy C-extensions failed. This error can happen for
many reasons, often due to issues with your setup or how NumPy was
installed.
We have compiled some common reasons and troubleshooting tips at:
https://numpy.org/devdocs/user/troubleshooting-importerror.html
Please note and check the following:
* The Python version is: Python3.9 from "C:\cygwin\home\user\numpy_clean_env\venv\Scripts\python.exe"
* The NumPy version is: "1.20.1"
and make sure that they are the versions you expect.
Please carefully study the documentation linked above for further help.
Original error was: DLL load failed while importing _multiarray_umath: The specified module could not be found.
其他信息
由于编译返回结果，MKL库会被选中。
FOUND:
libraries = ['mkl_rt']
library_dirs = ['C:\\Program Files (x86)\\IntelSWTools\\compilers_and_libraries\\windows\\mkl\\lib\\intel64']
define_macros = [('SCIPY_MKL_H', None), ('HAVE_CBLAS', None)]
include_dirs = ['C:\\Program Files (x86)\\IntelSWTools\\compilers_and_libraries\\windows\\mkl', 'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\IntelSWTools\\compilers_and_libraries\\windows\\mkl\\include', 'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\IntelSWTools\\compilers_and_libraries\\windows\\mkl\\lib']
我尝试使用Dependencies（Dependency Walker的更新版本）分析DLL解析，但似乎MKL DLL加载正常。有一些DLL显示未正确加载，但据我所知，这是由于检查软件与Windows API集的限制引起的，并非实际问题，因此我认为系统设置正确。
以下是在分析_multiarray_umath.pyd时导致Dependencies中出现“NOT_FOUND”的独特DLL列表：
EMCLIENT.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
HvsiFileTrust.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
UpdateAPI.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
api-ms-win-core-comm-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
api-ms-win-core-psapi-ansi-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
api-ms-win-core-psapi-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
api-ms-win-core-stringansi-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
api-ms-win-core-versionansi-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
api-ms-win-core-versionansi-l1-1-1.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
api-ms-win-core-winrt-string-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
api-ms-win-core-wow64-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
api-ms-win-core-wow64-l1-1-1.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
api-ms-win-core-xstate-l2-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
api-ms-win-core-xstate-l2-1-1.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
api-ms-win-coreui-secruntime-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-mf-pal-l2-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-onecore-appmodel-emclient-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-onecore-defaultdiscovery-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-onecore-orientation-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-onecore-shellchromeapi-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-appmodel-deployment-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-appmodel-usercontext-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-appmodel-viewscalefactor-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-audiocore-pal-l1-2-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-com-suspendresiliency-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-core-winrt-remote-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-dwmapi-ext-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-dxcore-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-networking-wlanstorage-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-ntuser-window-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-ntuser-window-l1-1-1.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-ntuser-window-l1-1-2.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-ntuser-window-l1-1-3.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-ntuser-window-l1-1-4.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-ras-tapi32-l1-1-1.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-ro-typeresolution-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-rtcore-minuser-input-l1-1-1.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-rtcore-minuser-private-ext-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-security-capauthz-ext-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-security-chambers-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-shell-knownfolderext-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-shell-shell32-l1-2-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-shell-shlwapi-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-shell-tabbedtitlebar-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-shell32-shellcom-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-shell32-shellfolders-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-ui-viewmanagement-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-uiacore-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win-wer-xbox-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-win32-subsystem-query-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
ext-ms-windowscore-deviceinfo-l1-1-0.dll (NOT_FOUND) :
我也尝试按照这篇指南的步骤操作，并且可以确认os.path.exists('_multiarray_umath.pyd')返回True，但是ctypes.WinDLL('_multiarray_umath.pyd')无法加载 DLL 文件（或其依赖项之一）。
可工作的示例
与上述步骤相同，但不需要执行mklvars.bat，因此没有链接到英特尔 MKL。
以前，这个设置曾经在 Python 3.6、VS2015 和类似版本的英特尔 MKL 上运行过。我可能漏掉了什么，欢迎任何建议。
mkl_rt已列出并且路径存在）。Cygwin 路径只是因为“非最小”设置在 Cygwin 中，但在这种情况下，我只是加载了 VS2019 x64 命令提示符。可行的设置具有某些工具的不同版本（Python 3.6.2 > 3.9.1，VS2015 > VS2019）；新的设置以相同方式失败，其中包括 NumPy 1.16、1.17 和 1.20，以及 Intel MKL 2017.2、2017.8 和 2021。 - cubanpit