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命令因信号：段错误：11而失败

iosswiftsegmentation-fault
158

当尝试编译我的Swift应用程序时，我遇到了错误...

由于信号：Segmentation fault: 11，命令失败

我正在使用Xcode 6.1，尝试为运行在iOS 8.1上的iPhone 5构建。

我的代码

import UIKit

class ViewController: UIViewController {

    @IBOutlet weak var username: UITextField!
    @IBAction func signIn(sender: AnyObject) {

        PFUser.logInWithUsernameInBackground(username.text, password:"mypass") {
            (user: PFUser!, error: NSError!) -> Void in
            if user != nil {
                println("Logged In")
            } else {

                func myMethod() {
                    var user = PFUser()
                    user.username = username.text
                    user.password = " "
                    user.signUpInBackgroundWithBlock {
                        (succeeded: Bool!, error: NSError!) -> Void in
                        if error == nil {
                            // Hooray! Let them use the app now.
                        } else {
                                println("Signed Up")
                        }
                    }
                }

             println(error)
            }
        }
    }
    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()
        // Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib.
        Parse.setApplicationId("key here")
    }

    override func didReceiveMemoryWarning() {
        super.didReceiveMemoryWarning()
        // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
    }
}

还有错误文本！

CompileSwift normal arm64 /Users/Alec/Desktop/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/ViewController.swift
    cd /Users/Alec/Desktop/Re-Chat/Re-Chat
    /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/bin/swift -frontend -c -primary-file /Users/Alec/Desktop/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/ViewController.swift /Users/Alec/Desktop/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/AppDelegate.swift -target arm64-apple-ios8.0 -Xllvm -aarch64-use-tbi -target-cpu cyclone -target-abi darwinpcs -sdk /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS8.1.sdk -I /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Products/Debug-iphoneos -F /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Products/Debug-iphoneos -F /Users/Alec/Desktop/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/Re-Chat -g -import-objc-header /Users/Alec/Desktop/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/Re-Chat-Bridging-Header.h -module-cache-path /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/ModuleCache -Xcc -I/Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/swift-overrides.hmap -Xcc -iquote -Xcc /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/Re-Chat-generated-files.hmap -Xcc -I/Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/Re-Chat-own-target-headers.hmap -Xcc -I/Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/Re-Chat-all-target-headers.hmap -Xcc -iquote -Xcc /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/Re-Chat-project-headers.hmap -Xcc -I/Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Products/Debug-iphoneos/include -Xcc -I/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/include -Xcc -I/Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/DerivedSources/arm64 -Xcc -I/Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/DerivedSources -Xcc -DDEBUG=1 -emit-module-doc-path /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/Objects-normal/arm64/ViewController~partial.swiftdoc -Onone -module-name Re_Chat -emit-module-path /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/Objects-normal/arm64/ViewController~partial.swiftmodule -serialize-diagnostics-path /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/Objects-normal/arm64/ViewController.dia -emit-dependencies-path /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/Objects-normal/arm64/ViewController.d -o /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/Objects-normal/arm64/ViewController.o
0  swift                    0x0000000108145a68 llvm::sys::PrintStackTrace(__sFILE*) + 40
1  swift                    0x0000000108145f54 SignalHandler(int) + 452
2  libsystem_platform.dylib 0x00007fff86631f1a _sigtramp + 26
3  libsystem_platform.dylib 0x00007fd0ac1eb010 _sigtramp + 633049360
4  swift                    0x00000001075d4517 swift::Lowering::SILGenFunction::emitClosureValue(swift::SILLocation, swift::SILDeclRef, llvm::ArrayRef<swift::Substitution>, swift::AnyFunctionRef) + 1303
5  swift                    0x00000001075c599e swift::Lowering::SILGenFunction::visitFuncDecl(swift::FuncDecl*) + 190
6  swift                    0x000000010760987c swift::Lowering::SILGenFunction::visitBraceStmt(swift::BraceStmt*) + 380
7  swift                    0x000000010760c8e8 swift::ASTVisitor<swift::Lowering::SILGenFunction, void, void, void, void, void, void>::visit(swift::Stmt*) + 152
8  swift                    0x000000010760a0a5 swift::Lowering::SILGenFunction::visitIfStmt(swift::IfStmt*) + 757
9  swift                    0x000000010760c8f6 swift::ASTVisitor<swift::Lowering::SILGenFunction, void, void, void, void, void, void>::visit(swift::Stmt*) + 166
10 swift                    0x00000001076097e8 swift::Lowering::SILGenFunction::visitBraceStmt(swift::BraceStmt*) + 232
11 swift                    0x000000010760c8e8 swift::ASTVisitor<swift::Lowering::SILGenFunction, void, void, void, void, void, void>::visit(swift::Stmt*) + 152
12 swift                    0x00000001075d52dd swift::Lowering::SILGenFunction::emitClosure(swift::AbstractClosureExpr*) + 205
13 swift                    0x00000001075b4234 swift::Lowering::SILGenModule::emitClosure(swift::AbstractClosureExpr*) + 196
14 swift                    0x00000001075eef71 (anonymous namespace)::RValueEmitter::visitAbstractClosureExpr(swift::AbstractClosureExpr*, swift::Lowering::SGFContext) + 97
15 swift                    0x00000001075e1866 swift::ASTVisitor<(anonymous namespace)::RValueEmitter, swift::Lowering::RValue, void, void, void, void, void, swift::Lowering::SGFContext>::visit(swift::Expr*, swift::Lowering::SGFContext) + 2870
16 swift                    0x00000001075e24da swift::ASTVisitor<(anonymous namespace)::RValueEmitter, swift::Lowering::RValue, void, void, void, void, void, swift::Lowering::SGFContext>::visit(swift::Expr*, swift::Lowering::SGFContext) + 6058
17 swift                    0x00000001075cfa0b swift::Lowering::SILGenFunction::emitExprInto(swift::Expr*, swift::Lowering::Initialization*) + 235
18 swift                    0x00000001075ae824 swift::Lowering::RValueSource::materialize(swift::Lowering::SILGenFunction&) && + 196
19 swift                    0x0000000107604a69 swift::Lowering::RValueSource::materialize(swift::Lowering::SILGenFunction&, swift::Lowering::AbstractionPattern, swift::SILType) && + 233
20 swift                    0x00000001075f371c swift::Lowering::SILGenFunction::emitInjectOptionalValueInto(swift::SILLocation, swift::Lowering::RValueSource&&, swift::SILValue, swift::Lowering::TypeLowering const&) + 268
21 swift                    0x00000001075e9b8d swift::ASTVisitor<(anonymous namespace)::RValueEmitter, swift::Lowering::RValue, void, void, void, void, void, swift::Lowering::SGFContext>::visit(swift::Expr*, swift::Lowering::SGFContext) + 36445
22 swift                    0x00000001075e3e2b swift::ASTVisitor<(anonymous namespace)::RValueEmitter, swift::Lowering::RValue, void, void, void, void, void, swift::Lowering::SGFContext>::visit(swift::Expr*, swift::Lowering::SGFContext) + 12539
23 swift                    0x00000001075e202b swift::ASTVisitor<(anonymous namespace)::RValueEmitter, swift::Lowering::RValue, void, void, void, void, void, swift::Lowering::SGFContext>::visit(swift::Expr*, swift::Lowering::SGFContext) + 4859
24 swift                    0x00000001075cfab6 swift::Lowering::SILGenFunction::emitRValue(swift::Expr*, swift::Lowering::SGFContext) + 22
25 swift                    0x00000001075bffc4 (anonymous namespace)::ArgEmitter::emitExpanded(swift::Lowering::RValueSource&&, swift::Lowering::AbstractionPattern) + 836
26 swift                    0x00000001075bf582 (anonymous namespace)::ArgEmitter::emit(swift::Lowering::RValueSource&&, swift::Lowering::AbstractionPattern) + 98
27 swift                    0x00000001075b7ff8 (anonymous namespace)::CallEmission::apply(swift::Lowering::SGFContext) + 1128
28 swift                    0x00000001075b751a swift::Lowering::SILGenFunction::emitApplyExpr(swift::ApplyExpr*, swift::Lowering::SGFContext) + 58
29 swift                    0x00000001075e0d81 swift::ASTVisitor<(anonymous namespace)::RValueEmitter, swift::Lowering::RValue, void, void, void, void, void, swift::Lowering::SGFContext>::visit(swift::Expr*, swift::Lowering::SGFContext) + 81
30 swift                    0x00000001075ea00d swift::Lowering::SILGenFunction::emitIgnoredExpr(swift::Expr*) + 237
31 swift                    0x0000000107609829 swift::Lowering::SILGenFunction::visitBraceStmt(swift::BraceStmt*) + 297
32 swift                    0x000000010760c8e8 swift::ASTVisitor<swift::Lowering::SILGenFunction, void, void, void, void, void, void>::visit(swift::Stmt*) + 152
33 swift                    0x00000001075d4ee0 swift::Lowering::SILGenFunction::emitFunction(swift::FuncDecl*) + 256
34 swift                    0x00000001075b3659 swift::Lowering::SILGenModule::emitFunction(swift::FuncDecl*) + 233
35 swift                    0x00000001075cea93 swift::ASTVisitor<SILGenType, void, void, void, void, void, void>::visit(swift::Decl*) + 355
36 swift                    0x00000001075cd7eb SILGenType::emitType() + 203
37 swift                    0x00000001075c85ae swift::Lowering::SILGenModule::visitNominalTypeDecl(swift::NominalTypeDecl*) + 30
38 swift                    0x00000001075b555b swift::Lowering::SILGenModule::emitSourceFile(swift::SourceFile*, unsigned int) + 395
39 swift                    0x00000001075b581a swift::SILModule::constructSIL(swift::Module*, swift::SourceFile*, swift::Optional<unsigned int>) + 314
40 swift                    0x00000001075b5968 swift::performSILGeneration(swift::SourceFile&, swift::Optional<unsigned int>) + 72
41 swift                    0x000000010748be18 frontend_main(llvm::ArrayRef<char const*>, char const*, void*) + 3432
42 swift                    0x000000010748996d main + 1677
43 libdyld.dylib            0x00007fff8aa4c5c9 start + 1
Stack dump:
0.  Program arguments: /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/bin/swift -frontend -c -primary-file /Users/Alec/Desktop/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/ViewController.swift /Users/Alec/Desktop/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/AppDelegate.swift -target arm64-apple-ios8.0 -Xllvm -aarch64-use-tbi -target-cpu cyclone -target-abi darwinpcs -sdk /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS8.1.sdk -I /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Products/Debug-iphoneos -F /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Products/Debug-iphoneos -F /Users/Alec/Desktop/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/Re-Chat -g -import-objc-header /Users/Alec/Desktop/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/Re-Chat-Bridging-Header.h -module-cache-path /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/ModuleCache -Xcc -I/Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/swift-overrides.hmap -Xcc -iquote -Xcc /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/Re-Chat-generated-files.hmap -Xcc -I/Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/Re-Chat-own-target-headers.hmap -Xcc -I/Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/Re-Chat-all-target-headers.hmap -Xcc -iquote -Xcc /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/Re-Chat-project-headers.hmap -Xcc -I/Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Products/Debug-iphoneos/include -Xcc -I/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/include -Xcc -I/Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/DerivedSources/arm64 -Xcc -I/Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/DerivedSources -Xcc -DDEBUG=1 -emit-module-doc-path /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/Objects-normal/arm64/ViewController~partial.swiftdoc -Onone -module-name Re_Chat -emit-module-path /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/Objects-normal/arm64/ViewController~partial.swiftmodule -serialize-diagnostics-path /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/Objects-normal/arm64/ViewController.dia -emit-dependencies-path /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/Objects-normal/arm64/ViewController.d -o /Users/Alec/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/Re-Chat-awwdkmqavitiqkcdsphwnhzhzzfb/Build/Intermediates/Re-Chat.build/Debug-iphoneos/Re-Chat.build/Objects-normal/arm64/ViewController.o 
1.  While emitting SIL for 'signIn' at /Users/Alec/Desktop/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/ViewController.swift:14:15
2.  While silgen closureexpr SIL function @_TFFC7Re_Chat14ViewController6signInFS0_FPSs9AnyObject_T_U_FTGSQCSo6PFUser_GSQCSo7NSError__T_ for expression at [/Users/Alec/Desktop/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/Re-Chat/ViewController.swift:16:80 - line:45:9] RangeText="{
            (user: PFUser!, error: NSError!) -> Void in
            if user != nil {
                // Do stuff after successful login.

                println("Logged In")
            } else {

                func myMethod() {
                    var user = PFUser()
                    user.username = username.text
                    user.password = ""
                    // other fields can be set just like with PFObject


                    user.signUpInBackgroundWithBlock {
                        (succeeded: Bool!, error: NSError!) -> Void in
                        if error == nil {
                            // Hooray! Let them use the app now.
                        } else {
                                println("Signed Up")
                        }
                    }
                }


             println("error")
            }
        }"
显示错误的代码和您发布的代码不同。您的代码是用于登录的，而错误代码是注册方法。您是否设置了闭包中断点以尝试识别问题？ - Paulw11
你不需要猜测。在项目所在的终端中键入 xcodebuild -verbose，并查看错误的具体位置和原因。 - oyalhi
57个回答
1

对我来说，我阻塞了主线程。

我使用GCD进行修复（见下文）

dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(),      
})
1

当你的开发目标不支持任何UIControl

在我的案例中，我在一个开发目标为8.0的项目中使用了StackView。如果你的开发目标不支持任何UIControl，就会出现这个错误。

当你设置错误的目标时

如果你在下面这行代码中将默认目标"target"留空而不是使用self，则会出现段错误11。

shareBtn.addTarget(self, action: #selector(ViewController.share(_:)), for: .touchUpInside)
1

人为错误报告：

在我的情况下，罪魁祸首是将数组传入可变参数的位置。也就是说，对于以下签名：

// Note the variadic parameter
func addSubview(subview subview: UIView, constrain: NSLayoutAttribute...)

我传入了：
// Compile-time error, "constrain" parameters have array brackets
someUIView.addSubview(subview: someOtherView, constrain: [.Leading, .Top, .Bottom, .Trailing])

而不是：

// Correct
someUIView.addSubview(subview: someOtherView, constrain: .Leading, .Top, .Bottom, .Trailing)
1
我试图在我的代码中寻找所有答案，同一仓库在其他开发者的电脑上成功构建，但在我的电脑上却失败了 :(
我花了将近一周的时间来修复它。我尝试了所有可能的组合，如删除派生数据、关闭Xcode、重启电脑、Git存储、重置，但都没有帮助。 然后我复制了在Xcode中失败的构建命令并在终端中运行它。 它失败了。显示了一行更多的内容。
(end of response file)
clang: error: unable to execute command: Segmentation fault: 11
clang: error: linker command failed due to signal (use -v to see invocation)

构建命令超过76K字符，因此我删除了一些不是必需的参数，并能够在终端中继续执行。
所以我解决这个问题的方法是将库从~/Desktop/Work/PROJECT_NAME/repo/ssh/AAA移动到~/Desktop/repo/，问题得以解决。
长话短说，将库移到靠近~/的位置，这样路径就会变短，如果你像我一样遇到这个问题就可以解决了。 我的Xcode版本是12.3。
1
我也遇到了“分段错误：11错误”，因为我调用了一个返回“任何对象”的方法，编译器混淆了正在使用的对象类型。将“任何对象”强制转换为我使用的所需类型解决了我的问题。
1
如果您正在使用多个版本的XCode，如果路径已更改（例如，您将DMG下载到桌面上，然后提取，但随后将XCode移动到应用程序中），则可能很容易发生此错误。仔细阅读XCode给出的Segmentation Fault 11错误，它可能引用旧路径，这是Segmentation Fault的原因。如果是这样，您可以通过以下两种方式修复它：
  1. 选择正确的路径。例如，sudo xcode-select -s /Applications/Xcode-beta.app/Contents/Developer/（在此处输入正确的路径）
  2. 安装第二个XCode版本时，请确保将其提取到最终路径（提取到应用程序本身），并且在这样做时不存在“XCode.app”（如果存在，请将其重命名）。安装完成后，您可以根据需要重命名两者。

此问题的另一个潜在解决方法：

从El Capitan升级到Sierra，并在此升级后启动Xcode时“安装额外组件”可以解决此问题，这是我第一次遇到此问题时使用的方法。

1
在我的情况下，这是由于试图使用返回NSNumber的函数作为参数，而期望的是Double类型所引起的。我的建议是小心混合Objective C对象和Swift数据类型。正如许多其他人建议的那样，注释掉行直到你找到导致错误的那一行。(即使在这样做时创建了其他错误，您也可以忽略它们并查看什么使分段错误消失。)
1

对我来说，这是因为我有两个同名的包。

1

当我在子类中重写属性并且没有完全重复属性的声明时，我遇到了这个错误。

基类：

var foo: String! {return nil}

子类：

override var foo: String {return "bar"} // 缺少隐式解包操作符

这个回答如何解决问题？ - Thomas Ayoub
@Thomas。它并没有。但是基于其他许多类似的回复--“这就是我得到那个错误的方式...”--似乎可以分享我对这个错误的经验，希望能够为他人节省一些挫败感。如果您认为这不合适，请告诉我。 - Murray Sagal
@MurraySagal 对我来说也是这样的原因。 - larromba
1
我也遇到了这个问题...显然，这是一种常见的错误...当Xcode混淆时...在我的情况下，我有3个变量，我从一个数组中赋值给它们...但我没有指定数组中每个元素的数据类型...一旦我指定了，问题就解决了...
1
尽管您的回答对未来的访问者可能很有帮助，但这个问题已经超过一年了，已经有30个答案了，所以不太可能有很多人会注意到您的回答。此外，我想礼貌地指出，虽然我理解您想表达什么，但当您使用正确的英语语法时，答案通常对路过的读者更有帮助，因此如果您愿意，可以自由编辑您的帖子以修复该部分。其余部分非常棒，不要灰心！ - Claudia
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