有没有人有C语言八个翻译阶段清单的海报/一页PDF或类似物的参考资料（第一个是三字符翻译）？我想把它印出来挂在我的电脑旁边墙上。
更新：对不起，我忘记具体说明了。我对C90感兴趣（虽然C99可能非常接近，但pmg答案中提到的_Pragma是C99特定的，我想避免这种情况）。
更新：对不起，我忘记具体说明了。我对C90感兴趣（虽然C99可能非常接近，但pmg答案中提到的_Pragma是C99特定的，我想避免这种情况）。
2个回答
42
ASCII艺术大赢家：
ANSI C translation phases
=========================
+-------------------------------------------------+
| map physical characters to source character set |
| replace line terminators with newlines |
| decode trigraph sequences |
+-------------------------------------------------+
|
V
+---------------------------------------+
| join lines along trailing backslashes |
+---------------------------------------+
|
V
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| decompose into preprocessing tokens and whitespace/comments |
| strip comments |
| retain newlines |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
V
+------------------------------------------------+
| execute preprocessing directives/invoke macros |
| process included files |
+------------------------------------------------+
|
V
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| decode escape sequences in character constants/string literals |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|
V
+--------------------------------------+
| concatenate adjacent string literals |
+--------------------------------------+
|
V
+------------------------------------------+
| convert preprocessing tokens to C tokens |
| analyze and translate tokens |
+------------------------------------------+
|
V
+-----------------------------+
| resolve external references |
| link libraries |
| build program image |
+-----------------------------+
- Christoph
2
1我本来希望得到更加“精炼”的内容（最好包括三字母组序列的列表等），不过这个也能胜任。如果有人有更好的东西，我可能会考虑切换为被采纳的答案，所以继续添加答案吧。 - hlovdal
这太棒了，非常简单，而且被低估了。+2！ - Ingwie Phoenix
14
几乎直接来自修订后的C99标准的最新草案；我做了一些重新格式化。
打印屏幕，就可以了。
打印屏幕，就可以了。
5.1.1.2 Translation phases
1 The precedence among the syntax rules of translation is specified by the following
phases. (*5)
1. Physical source file multibyte characters are mapped, in an implementation
defined manner, to the source character set (introducing new-line characters for
end-of-line indicators) if necessary. Trigraph sequences are replaced by
corresponding single-character internal representations.
2. Each instance of a backslash character (\) immediately followed by a new-line
character is deleted, splicing physical source lines to form logical source lines.
Only the last backslash on any physical source line shall be eligible for being part
of such a splice. A source file that is not empty shall end in a new-line character,
which shall not be immediately preceded by a backslash character before any such
splicing takes place.
3. The source file is decomposed into preprocessing tokens (*6) and sequences of
white-space characters (including comments). A source file shall not end in a
partial preprocessing token or in a partial comment. Each comment is replaced by
one space character. New-line characters are retained. Whether each nonempty
sequence of white-space characters other than new-line is retained or replaced by
one space character is implementation-defined.
4. Preprocessing directives are executed, macro invocations are expanded, and
_Pragma unary operator expressions are executed. If a character sequence that
matches the syntax of a universal character name is produced by token
concatenation (6.10.3.3), the behavior is undefined. A #include preprocessing
directive causes the named header or source file to be processed from phase 1
through phase 4, recursively. All preprocessing directives are then deleted.
5. Each source character set member and escape sequence in character constants and
string literals is converted to the corresponding member of the execution character
set; if there is no corresponding member, it is converted to an implementation-defined
member other than the null (wide) character. (*7)
6. Adjacent string literal tokens are concatenated.
7. White-space characters separating tokens are no longer significant. Each
preprocessing token is converted into a token. The resulting tokens are
syntactically and semantically analyzed and translated as a translation unit.
8. All external object and function references are resolved. Library components are
linked to satisfy external references to functions and objects not defined in the
current translation. All such translator output is collected into a program image
which contains information needed for execution in its execution environment.
(*5) Implementations shall behave as if these separate phases occur, even though many are typically folded
together in practice. Source files, translation units, and translated translation units need not
necessarily be stored as files, nor need there be any one-to-one correspondence between these entities
and any external representation. The description is conceptual only, and does not specify any
particular implementation.
(*6) Adjacent string literal tokens are concatenated.
(*7) White-space characters separating tokens are no longer significant. Each
preprocessing token is converted into a token. The resulting tokens are
syntactically and semantically analyzed and translated as a translation unit.
- pmg
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