在Typescript中限制泛型类型为多个类之一

27

在Typescript中,如何在编译时将泛型类型限制为几个类中的一个?例如,如何实现以下伪代码?

class VariablyTyped<T has one of types A or B or C> {

    method(hasOneType: T) {
        if T has type A:
            do something assuming type A
        if T has type B:
            do something assuming type B
        if T has type C:
            do something assuming type C
    }
}

此外,我希望能够将属性(或任何变量)分配给一个泛型类型选项的特定子类型,而不仅仅是给定类型之一。例如:
class VariablyTyped<T has one of types A or B or C> {

    descendentClassOfT: T

    method(hasOneType: T) {
        descendentClassOfT = hasOneType
    }
}

class D extends class C {
    methodUniqueToD() { }
}

const v = new VariablyTyped(new D())
v.descendentClassOfT.methodUniqueToD()

显然这个答案并不明显,因为我花了几个小时才弄清楚。对我来说,似乎已经有人问过类似的问题had already been asked,但给出的解决方案甚至无法编译通过。可能之前的问题只在非常特定的情况下得到了回答,因为点赞的数量表明它解决了一些人的问题。

我发布这个新问题是为了明确陈述一般性问题,并提供解决方案。

1个回答

36

我曾经花费了几个小时来解决这个问题,但回想起来,解决方案似乎很明显。首先,我介绍一下解决方案,然后再将其与以前的方法进行比较。(在Typescript 2.6.2中测试过。)

// WORKING SOLUTION: union of types with type checks

class MustBeThis {
    method1() { }
}

class OrThis {
    method2() { }
}

abstract class OrOfThisBaseType {
    method3a() { }
}

class ExtendsBaseType extends OrOfThisBaseType {
    method3b() { }
}

class GoodVariablyTyped<T extends MustBeThis | OrThis | OrOfThisBaseType> {
    extendsBaseType: T;

    constructor(hasOneType: T) {
        if (hasOneType instanceof MustBeThis) {
            hasOneType.method1();
        }
        else if (hasOneType instanceof OrThis) {
            hasOneType.method2();
        }
        // either type-check here (as implemented) or typecast (commented out)
        else if (hasOneType instanceof OrOfThisBaseType) {
            hasOneType.method3a();
            // (<OrOfThisBaseType>hasOneType).method3a();
            this.extendsBaseType = hasOneType;
        }
    }
}

这个解决方案的以下检查编译得非常好:
const g1 = new GoodVariablyTyped(new MustBeThis());
const g1t = new GoodVariablyTyped<MustBeThis>(new MustBeThis());
const g1e: MustBeThis = g1.extendsBaseType;
const g1te: MustBeThis = g1t.extendsBaseType;

const g2 = new GoodVariablyTyped(new OrThis());
const g2t = new GoodVariablyTyped<OrThis>(new OrThis());
const g2e: OrThis = g2.extendsBaseType;
const g2te: OrThis = g2t.extendsBaseType;

const g3 = new GoodVariablyTyped(new ExtendsBaseType());
const g3t = new GoodVariablyTyped<ExtendsBaseType>(new ExtendsBaseType());
const g3e: ExtendsBaseType = g3.extendsBaseType;
const g3te: ExtendsBaseType = g3t.extendsBaseType;

与之前被接受的答案相比,上述方法将泛型声明为类选项的交集,请参考以前被接受的答案
// NON-WORKING SOLUTION A: intersection of types

class BadVariablyTyped_A<T extends MustBeThis & OrThis & OrOfThisBaseType> {
    extendsBaseType: T;

    constructor(hasOneType: T) {
        if (hasOneType instanceof MustBeThis) {
            (<MustBeThis>hasOneType).method1();
        }
        // ERROR: The left-hand side of an 'instanceof' expression must be of type
        // 'any', an object type or a type parameter. (parameter) hasOneType: never
        else if (hasOneType instanceof OrThis) {
            (<OrThis>hasOneType).method2();
        }
        else {
            (<OrOfThisBaseType>hasOneType).method3a();
            this.extendsBaseType = hasOneType;
        }
    }
}

// ERROR: Property 'method2' is missing in type 'MustBeThis'.
const b1_A = new BadVariablyTyped_A(new MustBeThis());
// ERROR: Property 'method2' is missing in type 'MustBeThis'.
const b1t_A = new BadVariablyTyped_A<MustBeThis>(new MustBeThis());

// ERROR: Property 'method1' is missing in type 'OrThis'.
const b2_A = new BadVariablyTyped_A(new OrThis());
// ERROR: Property 'method1' is missing in type 'OrThis'.
const b2t_A = new BadVariablyTyped_A<OrThis>(new OrThis());

// ERROR: Property 'method1' is missing in type 'ExtendsBaseType'.
const b3_A = new BadVariablyTyped_A(new ExtendsBaseType());
// ERROR: Property 'method1' is missing in type 'ExtendsBaseType'.
const b3t_A = new BadVariablyTyped_A<ExtendsBaseType>(new ExtendsBaseType());

还可以将上述工作方法与另一种建议的解决方案进行比较,其中通用类型被限制为扩展实现类接口选项的接口。这里发生的错误表明它在逻辑上与先前无法工作的解决方案相同。

// NON-WORKING SOLUTION B: multiply-extended interface

interface VariableType extends MustBeThis, OrThis, OrOfThisBaseType { }

class BadVariablyTyped_B<T extends VariableType> {
    extendsBaseType: T;

    constructor(hasOneType: T) {
        if (hasOneType instanceof MustBeThis) {
            (<MustBeThis>hasOneType).method1();
        }
        // ERROR: The left-hand side of an 'instanceof' expression must be of type
        // 'any', an object type or a type parameter. (parameter) hasOneType: never
        else if (hasOneType instanceof OrThis) {
            (<OrThis>hasOneType).method2();
        }
        else {
            (<OrOfThisBaseType>hasOneType).method3a();
            this.extendsBaseType = hasOneType;
        }
    }
}

// ERROR: Property 'method2' is missing in type 'MustBeThis'.
const b1_B = new BadVariablyTyped_B(new MustBeThis());
// ERROR: Property 'method2' is missing in type 'MustBeThis'.
const b1t_B = new BadVariablyTyped_B<MustBeThis>(new MustBeThis());

// ERROR: Property 'method1' is missing in type 'OrThis'.
const b2_B = new BadVariablyTyped_B(new OrThis());
// ERROR: Property 'method1' is missing in type 'OrThis'.
const b2t_B = new BadVariablyTyped_B<OrThis>(new OrThis());

// ERROR: Property 'method1' is missing in type 'ExtendsBaseType'.
const b3_B = new BadVariablyTyped_B(new ExtendsBaseType());
// ERROR: Property 'method1' is missing in type 'ExtendsBaseType'.
const bt_B = new BadVariablyTyped_B<ExtendsBaseType>(new ExtendsBaseType());

具有讽刺意味的是,我后来解决了应用程序特定的问题,而不必限制泛型类型。也许其他人应该从我的经验中吸取教训,首先尝试找到另一种更好的方法来完成工作。


1
我理解另一个问题的意思是要求交集:一种类型同时满足多个约束条件。而你所要求的是并集:一种类型至少满足多个约束条件中的一个。 (这个问题的回答在某些地方使用“联合”一词来表示“交集”,这并没有帮助)。因此,其他问题的解决方案对你来说不起作用是有道理的。 - jcalz

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