PowerShell和C#中的BigInt不一致性

Question

根据微软文档，[BigInt] 数据类型似乎没有定义最大值，并且在理论上可以容纳一个无限大的数字，但是我发现，在第28位数字后，一些奇怪的事情开始发生：

PS C:\Users\Neko> [BigInt]9999999999999999999999999999
9999999999999999999999999999
PS C:\Users\Neko> [BigInt]99999999999999999999999999999
99999999999999991433150857216

正如你所看到的，在第一个命令¹中，BigInt正常工作，但当增加一位数字后，会出现一些错误，例如将99999999999999999999999999999转换为99999999999999991433150857216。然而，提示没有抛出任何错误，你可以继续添加更多数字，直到第310位。

PS C:\Users\Neko> [BigInt]99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
100000000000000001097906362944045541740492309677311846336810682903157585404911491537163328978494688899061249669721172515611590283743140088328307009198146046031271664502933027185697489699588559043338384466165001178426897626212945177628091195786707458122783970171784415105291802893207873272974885715430223118336
PS C:\Users\Neko\> [BigInt]999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999

会抛出错误的内容

At line:1 char:318
+ ... 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
+                                                                          ~
The numeric constant 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 is not valid.
    + CategoryInfo          : ParserError: (:) [], ParentContainsErrorRecordException
    + FullyQualifiedErrorId : BadNumericConstant

我认为这是控制台问题，而不是BigInt问题，因为错误没有提到[BigInt]数据类型，这与其他数据类型过大的数字不同。

我相信这是一个控制台问题，而不是BigInt的问题，因为错误消息中没有提到[BigInt]数据类型，这与其他数据类型的数值过大导致的错误不同。

PS C:\Users\Neko> [UInt64]18446744073709551615
18446744073709551615
PS C:\Users\Neko> [UInt64]18446744073709551616
Cannot convert value "18446744073709551616" to type "System.UInt64". Error: "Value was either too large or too small
for a UInt64."
At line:1 char:1
+ [UInt64]18446744073709551616
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    + CategoryInfo          : InvalidArgument: (:) [], RuntimeException
    + FullyQualifiedErrorId : InvalidCastIConvertible

关于C＃，System.Numerics.BigInt在硬编码时，将从第20位开始抛出错误：99999999999999999999：

namespace Test
{
    class Test
    {
        static void Main()
        {
            System.Numerics.BigInteger TestInput;
            System.Numerics.BigInteger Test = 99999999999999999999;
            System.Console.WriteLine(Test);
        }
    }
}

在尝试在Visual Studio中构建时，我遇到了错误

Integral constant is too large

然而，我可以输入一个更大的数字到ReadLine而不会导致错误

Translated:

然而，我可以输入一个更大的数字到ReadLine而不会导致错误

namespace Test
{
    class Test
    {
        static void Main()
        {
            System.Numerics.BigInteger TestInput;
            TestInput = System.Numerics.BigInteger.Parse(System.Console.ReadLine());
            System.Console.WriteLine(TestInput);
        }
    }
}

这似乎确实是无限的。输入

99999999999...

(共24720个字符)运作良好²

那么是什么导致了 [BigInt] 的所有这些奇怪的活动呢？

---

¹_{根据 ([Char[]]"$([BigInt]9999999999999999999999999999)").count, 其为28位数字。}

²_{我懒得数数字并且尝试将这些数字解析到PowerShell中会导致错误。根据此网站，它有24720个字符。}

- Nico Nekoru

---

除了我想知道的是为什么[BigInt]'99999999999999999999999999999'(缩写为[BigInt]::New('99999999999999999999999999999')，不起作用，并且没有在任何答案中提到作为解决方法 - 但它在PowerShell Core 7中可以工作)。特别是知道[BigInt]类型没有接受字符串输入的任何构造函数（参见：[BigInt]::new）。 - iRon

我已在更新中解决了这个问题。 - pinkfloydx33

Answer 1

TLDR: 在 Powershell Core 7.0 之前，请使用 [BigInt]::Parse 或 'literal' 语法；否则请使用 n 后缀。

问题 - double 文本

对于未指定类型后缀的文本，Powershell 将使用值适合的第一个类型。对于整数文本，顺序为 int, long, decimal 和 double。来自 Powershell 5.1 的documentation（这段文字为 Powershell Core 相同）：

引用：

对于未指定类型后缀的整数文本：

• 如果该值可以由类型[int]表示，则其类型为该类型。
• 否则，如果该值可以由类型[long]表示，则其类型为该类型。
• 否则，如果该值可以由类型[decimal]表示，则其类型为该类型。
• 否则，其类型为[double]。

在您的情况下，该值超过了decimal.MaxValue，因此您的文本默认为double文本。该double值不能准确表示，并被“转换”为最接近的可表示double值。

$h = [double]99999999999999999999999999999
"{0:G29}" -f $h

输出

99999999999999991000000000000

显然这不是一个精确的数字，只是字符串形式的表示。但它可以让你了解正在发生什么。现在我们将这个不精确的double值转换成BigInt。原始的精度损失被转移并由转换运算符复合。这就是在 Powershell 中实际上发生的事情（注意转换为BigInt）：

$h = [BigInt][double]99999999999999999999999999999
"{0:G}" -f $h

输出

99999999999999991433150857216

这实际上是最接近可表示的双精度值。如果您可以打印第一个示例中double的准确值，它将打印出这个值。当添加额外的数字后，您超过了数值文字的最大值，因此会收到其他异常。

C#不一致性

与PowerShell不同，C#默认使用整数字面量，这就是为什么较少数量的数字会导致异常的原因。在C#中添加D后缀将为您提供更大的范围。以下工作正常，并且将成为double。

var h = 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999D;

添加一个数字将会引发以下错误：

错误 CS0594：浮点常量超出了“double”类型的范围

请注意，在PowerShell中，D后缀用于十进制字面量，而不是double。对于double，没有显式的后缀--它被假定为默认值。

解决方案

回到你最初的问题，根据你使用的PowerShell版本，解决方案可能会有所不同：

[BigInt] :: Parse

如果你使用的是Windows PowerShell或PowerShell Core <= v6.2，则可以使用BigInteger.Parse：

[bigint]::Parse("99999999999999999999999999999") 

输出：

99999999999999999999999999999

大型值字面量

正如评论中所指出的，另一个可行的选项是将字面量用引号括起来。

[bigint]'99999999999999999999999999999' 

输出

99999999999999999999999999999

尽管看起来像是[bigint]::new([string])的速记方式（见下文），但实际上这是一种确保文字不被视为double，而是被视为具有许多数字的整数文字的方法，即所谓的“大值文字”。请参阅文档中的本节。 N整数后缀（v7.0+）

Powershell Core 6.2引入了许多新的字面量后缀，用于无符号、short和byte等整数类型，但没有为bigint引入后缀。这在Powershell Core 7.0中通过n后缀实现。这意味着现在可以执行以下操作：

99999999999999999999999999999n 

输出：

99999999999999999999999999999

请参阅文档，了解Powershell Core中可用的后缀更多信息。

[BigInt]::new

如果您尝试 [bigint]::new('literal')，Powershell会认为您打算将该值用作字面量。实际上，BigInt没有接受string的构造函数（我们使用Parse），也没有接受另一个BigInt的构造函数。但是有一个接受double的构造函数。我们的大值字面量将开始作为一个BigInt，然后Powershell将隐式将其转换为double（失去精度），然后将其传递给[bigint]::new([double]) 作为最佳匹配项，再次导致不正确的结果：

[bigint]::new('99999999999999999999999999999') 

输出：

99999999999999991433150857216

- pinkfloydx33

---

PowerShell v7.0更改了数字字面量的解析方式，以启用新功能。 - Dmitry Kolchev

Answer 2

很不幸，C#没有BigInteger的字面量。有两种实例化BigInteger的方法：

1. 从原始类型（如int、long）转换（使用强制转换或构造函数）
2. 使用BigInteger.Parse从字符串解析

---

BigInteger test = BigInteger.Parse("32439845934875938475398457938457389475983475893475389457839475");
Console.WriteLine(test.ToString());
// output: 32439845934875938475398457938457389475983475893475389457839475

请查看PowerShell如何解析数字字面量

- Dmitry Kolchev

---

抱歉，我的表述可能不够清晰，这有助于回答问题但并不能完全回答问题。我正在寻找导致PowerShell出现异常行为和C#与PowerShell之间存在不一致性的原因。 - Nico Nekoru

这是由于语言之间的差异造成的。请查看PowerShell如何解析数字文字 https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_numeric_literals?view=powershell-7)。 - Dmitry Kolchev

C#中最大的整数字面值（使用十进制类型）为 decimal m = 79_228_162_514_264_337_593_543_950_335m; - Dmitry Kolchev

Answer 3

为了补充现有的有用答案 - 特别是pinkfloydx33 - 提供一个简明扼要的总结：

默认情况下，所有 PowerShell 版本至少到 v7.0 使用 [double] 作为数据类型，用于表示大于 [decimal]::MaxValue 的数字字面量，这不可避免地导致精度损失。

• 在 v6.x 及以下版本（包括 Windows PowerShell）中，唯一的避免方法是使用将数字表示为字符串的 [bigint] :: Parse()：

[bigint]::Parse('99999999999999999999999999999')

# A *cast* works too, as also shown in pinkfloydx33's answer:
[bigint] '99999999999999999999999999999'

在v7+中，您可以使用n后缀来将数字文字表示为[bigint]：

99999999999999999999999999999n  # v7+; parses as a [bigint], due to suffix 'n'

注意：可以说，鉴于PowerShell通常会自动选择适当的数值类型，在这种情况下它应该假定使用n，即它应该将未标记单位的99999999999999999999999999999解析为[bigint]，而不是[double]——参见此GitHub提案。

---

更多阅读：

• 请参阅关于数字字面量，其中显示了所有数字类型后缀，包括它们在哪个 PowerShell 版本中引入。

• 这个答案 总结了 PowerShell 中数字字面量的解释。

  • 简而言之：对于整数字面量，[int] 是最小的类型选择，[long] 或 [decimal] 会根据需要选择以容纳更大的值，当值超过 [decimal]::MaxValue 时，使用 [double]。

- mklement0

Answer 4

从元数据的角度来看，有更多关于此的信息：

.NET Core中，PowerShell和C#都将使用同一模块获取BigInt数据类型，并且您可以查看BigInteger结构的元数据。

C:\Program Files\dotnet\packs\Microsoft.NETCore.App.Ref\3.1.0\ref\netcoreapp3.1\System.Runtime.Numerics.dll

这包括以下的构造函数：

public BigInteger(byte[] value);
public BigInteger(decimal value);
public BigInteger(double value);
public BigInteger(int value);
public BigInteger(long value);
public BigInteger(float value);
public BigInteger(uint value);
public BigInteger(ulong value);
public BigInteger(ReadOnlySpan<byte> value, bool isUnsigned = false, bool isBigEndian = false);

这意味着基础。

System.Numerics.BigInteger test = 12345;

在构造函数中传递的值会被不经意地尝试转换成这些数据类型之一，它们能够承载的最大值是double的最大值。然而，除非使用D后缀指定，否则C#不会尝试将数字转换为double。因此，不需要后缀的最大值是ULong，它的最大值为18446744073709551615（根据ULong.MaxValue）。这个值恰好小于引起整数常量错误的数字99999999999999999999，但比一个字符少的9999999999999999999要大。这就是为什么简单地执行以下操作：

System.Numerics.BigInteger test = 99999999999999999999;

如果使用构造函数传入的参数不是整数类型，那么BigInteger中的Parse()方法会出现错误。但是，该方法可以接受字符串作为参数：

public static BigInteger Parse(ReadOnlySpan<char> value, NumberStyles style = NumberStyles.Integer, IFormatProvider provider = null);
public static BigInteger Parse(string value);
public static BigInteger Parse(string value, NumberStyles style);
public static BigInteger Parse(string value, NumberStyles style, IFormatProvider provider);
public static BigInteger Parse(string value, IFormatProvider provider);

正如您所看到的，System.Numerics.BigInteger 的 Parse() 方法将接受没有限制的 字符串 参数，因为它们不是整数而是单词。这就是为什么 Parse() 方法确实会给您无限的值空间。

至于 PowerShell，就像其他答案中所说的那样，任何超过 [decimal] 最大值的内容都会尝试转换为 [double] 数据类型，该类型有很多不准确之处，而 [double] 数据类型的最大值是 309 位数字，这就是为什么错误只会在第 309 位数字后显示的原因。

[double]::MaxValue
1.79769313486232E+308

为了将其转换为非科学计数法的常规值，我们需要将小数点向右移动308次，结果约为。

179769313486232000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

作为最高可能的双精度浮点数，PowerShell中的`[double]`数据类型也有非常奇怪且不准确的属性。

[BigInt][double]9999999999999999999999
10000000000000000000000
[BigInt][double]9999999999999999999999999
10000000000000000905969664
[double]9999999999999999999
1E+19

由于PowerShell从与C#相同的结构中获取BigInt类型，因此方法和构造函数也相同，Parse()在PowerShell中的工作方式与在C#中的工作方式相同。在PowerShell 7中有所改变，允许N后缀自动转换为BigInt。 BigInt也不使用科学计数法，因此如果使用另一种数据类型，它总是会得到精确值，因此您可以使用

[BigInt]([double]::MaxValue)

哪个会让你得到

179769313486231570814527423731704356798070567525844996598917476803157260780028538760589558632766878171540458953514382464234321326889464182768467546703537516986049910576551282076245490090389328944075868508455133942304583236903222948165808559332123348274797826204144723168738177180919299881250404026184124858368

是指最高可能的双精度浮点数。

---

您想要的命令

PowerShell 6.x及以下版本

[BigInt]::Parse("99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999")

PowerShell 7.0及以上版本

99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999N

C#

System.Numerics.Biginteger test = System.Numerics.BigInteger.Parse("9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999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