我试图连接到一个需要身份验证的SSL服务器。为了在Apache MINA上使用SSL,我需要一个合适的JKS文件。然而,我只收到了一个.PEM文件。
我该如何从PEM文件创建JKS文件?
我试图连接到一个需要身份验证的SSL服务器。为了在Apache MINA上使用SSL,我需要一个合适的JKS文件。然而,我只收到了一个.PEM文件。
我该如何从PEM文件创建JKS文件?
首先,将您的证书转换为DER格式:
openssl x509 -outform der -in certificate.pem -out certificate.der
然后,在密钥库中导入它:
keytool -import -alias your-alias -keystore cacerts -file certificate.der
如果您只想将PEM格式的证书导入到密钥库中,keytool可以完成此任务:
keytool -import -alias *alias* -keystore cacerts -file *cert.pem*
如果您需要在Java中轻松加载PEM文件,而无需处理外部工具(如opensll、keytool),这里是我在生产中使用的代码:
如果您需要在Java中轻松加载PEM文件,而不必处理外部工具(例如opensll、keytool),这里是我在生产中使用的代码:
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.security.KeyFactory;
import java.security.KeyStore;
import java.security.KeyStoreException;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.security.PrivateKey;
import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;
import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPrivateKey;
import java.security.spec.InvalidKeySpecException;
import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import javax.net.ssl.KeyManager;
import javax.net.ssl.KeyManagerFactory;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLServerSocketFactory;
import javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter;
public class PEMImporter {
public static SSLServerSocketFactory createSSLFactory(File privateKeyPem, File certificatePem, String password) throws Exception {
final SSLContext context = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
final KeyStore keystore = createKeyStore(privateKeyPem, certificatePem, password);
final KeyManagerFactory kmf = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance("SunX509");
kmf.init(keystore, password.toCharArray());
final KeyManager[] km = kmf.getKeyManagers();
context.init(km, null, null);
return context.getServerSocketFactory();
}
/**
* Create a KeyStore from standard PEM files
*
* @param privateKeyPem the private key PEM file
* @param certificatePem the certificate(s) PEM file
* @param the password to set to protect the private key
*/
public static KeyStore createKeyStore(File privateKeyPem, File certificatePem, final String password)
throws Exception, KeyStoreException, IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, CertificateException {
final X509Certificate[] cert = createCertificates(certificatePem);
final KeyStore keystore = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS");
keystore.load(null);
// Import private key
final PrivateKey key = createPrivateKey(privateKeyPem);
keystore.setKeyEntry(privateKeyPem.getName(), key, password.toCharArray(), cert);
return keystore;
}
private static PrivateKey createPrivateKey(File privateKeyPem) throws Exception {
final BufferedReader r = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(privateKeyPem));
String s = r.readLine();
if (s == null || !s.contains("BEGIN PRIVATE KEY")) {
r.close();
throw new IllegalArgumentException("No PRIVATE KEY found");
}
final StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
s = "";
while (s != null) {
if (s.contains("END PRIVATE KEY")) {
break;
}
b.append(s);
s = r.readLine();
}
r.close();
final String hexString = b.toString();
final byte[] bytes = DatatypeConverter.parseBase64Binary(hexString);
return generatePrivateKeyFromDER(bytes);
}
private static X509Certificate[] createCertificates(File certificatePem) throws Exception {
final List<X509Certificate> result = new ArrayList<X509Certificate>();
final BufferedReader r = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(certificatePem));
String s = r.readLine();
if (s == null || !s.contains("BEGIN CERTIFICATE")) {
r.close();
throw new IllegalArgumentException("No CERTIFICATE found");
}
StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
while (s != null) {
if (s.contains("END CERTIFICATE")) {
String hexString = b.toString();
final byte[] bytes = DatatypeConverter.parseBase64Binary(hexString);
X509Certificate cert = generateCertificateFromDER(bytes);
result.add(cert);
b = new StringBuilder();
} else {
if (!s.startsWith("----")) {
b.append(s);
}
}
s = r.readLine();
}
r.close();
return result.toArray(new X509Certificate[result.size()]);
}
private static RSAPrivateKey generatePrivateKeyFromDER(byte[] keyBytes) throws InvalidKeySpecException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
final PKCS8EncodedKeySpec spec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
final KeyFactory factory = KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA");
return (RSAPrivateKey) factory.generatePrivate(spec);
}
private static X509Certificate generateCertificateFromDER(byte[] certBytes) throws CertificateException {
final CertificateFactory factory = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509");
return (X509Certificate) factory.generateCertificate(new ByteArrayInputStream(certBytes));
}
}
玩得愉快。
keytool
已经为你完成了这一切(而且还有更多功能)。 (顺便说一句,如果出现异常,你应该关闭你的 FileOutputStream
并在 finally
中关闭你的 I/O 流。) - Bruno在我的情况下,我有一个pem文件,其中包含两个证书和加密的私钥,用于进行双向SSL身份验证。
因此,我的pem文件看起来像这样:
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED
DEK-Info: DES-EDE3-CBC,C8BF220FC76AA5F9
...
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
将文件拆分成三个独立的文件,每个文件只包含一个条目,从 ---BEGIN..
开始到 ---END..
结束。假设我们现在有三个文件:cert1.pem
、cert2.pem
和 pkey.pem
。
使用openssl以以下语法将pkey.pem
转换为DER格式:
openssl pkcs8 -topk8 -nocrypt -in pkey.pem -inform PEM -out pkey.der -outform DER
请注意,如果私钥已加密,则需要提供密码(从原始pem文件的供应商处获取)才能将其转换为DER格式,openssl
将像这样要求您输入密码:"enter a passphrase for pkey.pem
: "。
如果转换成功,您将得到一个名为pkey.der
的新文件。
创建一个新的Java密钥库并导入私钥和证书:
String keypass = "password"; // this is a new password, you need to come up with to protect your java key store file
String defaultalias = "importkey";
KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS", "SUN");
// this section does not make much sense to me,
// but I will leave it intact as this is how it was in the original example I found on internet:
ks.load( null, keypass.toCharArray());
ks.store( new FileOutputStream ( "mykeystore" ), keypass.toCharArray());
ks.load( new FileInputStream ( "mykeystore" ), keypass.toCharArray());
// end of section..
// read the key file from disk and create a PrivateKey
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("pkey.der");
DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(fis);
byte[] bytes = new byte[dis.available()];
dis.readFully(bytes);
ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
byte[] key = new byte[bais.available()];
KeyFactory kf = KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA");
bais.read(key, 0, bais.available());
bais.close();
PKCS8EncodedKeySpec keysp = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec ( key );
PrivateKey ff = kf.generatePrivate (keysp);
// read the certificates from the files and load them into the key store:
Collection col_crt1 = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X509").generateCertificates(new FileInputStream("cert1.pem"));
Collection col_crt2 = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X509").generateCertificates(new FileInputStream("cert2.pem"));
Certificate crt1 = (Certificate) col_crt1.iterator().next();
Certificate crt2 = (Certificate) col_crt2.iterator().next();
Certificate[] chain = new Certificate[] { crt1, crt2 };
String alias1 = ((X509Certificate) crt1).getSubjectX500Principal().getName();
String alias2 = ((X509Certificate) crt2).getSubjectX500Principal().getName();
ks.setCertificateEntry(alias1, crt1);
ks.setCertificateEntry(alias2, crt2);
// store the private key
ks.setKeyEntry(defaultalias, ff, keypass.toCharArray(), chain );
// save the key store to a file
ks.store(new FileOutputStream ( "mykeystore" ),keypass.toCharArray());
$ keytool -list -keystore mykeystore -storepass password
密钥库类型: JKS 密钥库提供者: SUN
您的密钥库包含3个条目:
cn=...,ou=...,o=.., 2014年9月2日, trustedCertEntry, 证书指纹(SHA1): 2C:B8: ...
importkey, 2014年9月2日, PrivateKeyEntry, 证书指纹(SHA1): 9C:B0: ...
cn=...,o=...., 2014年9月2日, trustedCertEntry, 证书指纹(SHA1): 83:63: ...
(可选) 使用新密钥库中的证书和私钥测试 SSL 服务器: ( 您可能需要将调试选项作为 VM 选项启用: -Djavax.net.debug=all )
char[] passw = "password".toCharArray();
KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS", "SUN");
ks.load(new FileInputStream ( "mykeystore" ), passw );
KeyManagerFactory kmf = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance("SunX509");
kmf.init(ks, passw);
TrustManagerFactory tmf = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
tmf.init(ks);
TrustManager[] tm = tmf.getTrustManagers();
SSLContext sclx = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
sclx.init( kmf.getKeyManagers(), tm, null);
SSLSocketFactory factory = sclx.getSocketFactory();
SSLSocket socket = (SSLSocket) factory.createSocket( "192.168.1.111", 443 );
socket.startHandshake();
//if no exceptions are thrown in the startHandshake method, then everything is fine..
如果您打算使用HttpsURLConnection,请最后向其注册证书:
char[] passw = "password".toCharArray();
KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS", "SUN");
ks.load(new FileInputStream ( "mykeystore" ), passw );
KeyManagerFactory kmf = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance("SunX509");
kmf.init(ks, passw);
TrustManagerFactory tmf = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
tmf.init(ks);
TrustManager[] tm = tmf.getTrustManagers();
SSLContext sclx = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
sclx.init( kmf.getKeyManagers(), tm, null);
HostnameVerifier hv = new HostnameVerifier()
{
public boolean verify(String urlHostName, SSLSession session)
{
if (!urlHostName.equalsIgnoreCase(session.getPeerHost()))
{
System.out.println("Warning: URL host '" + urlHostName + "' is different to SSLSession host '" + session.getPeerHost() + "'.");
}
return true;
}
};
HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultSSLSocketFactory( sclx.getSocketFactory() );
HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultHostnameVerifier(hv);
session.getPeerHost()
不会返回证书中的名称,而是返回您连接的名称(即此处的 urlHostName
),因此这始终为真。无论如何,您总是返回 true
。 - Bruno我总是忘记如何做这件事,因为它只是偶尔需要的东西。下面是一种可能的解决方案,并且它很有效:
Execute the two following lines of code:
$ openssl x509 -outform der -in GlobalSignRootCA.crt -out GlobalSignRootCA.der
$ keytool -import -alias GlobalSignRootCA -keystore GlobalSignRootCA.jks -file GlobalSignRootCA.der
If executing in Java SE environment add the following options:
$ java -Djavax.net.ssl.trustStore=GlobalSignRootCA.jks -Djavax.net.ssl.trustStorePassword=trustStorePassword -jar MyJar.jar
Or add the following to the java code:
System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.trustStore", "GlobalSignRootCA.jks");
System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.trustStorePassword","trustStorePassword");
keytool
命令。下面是一个带有证书链的示例:$ keytool -import -file org.eu.crt -alias orgcrt -keystore globalsignrs.jks
$ keytool -import -file GlobalSignOrganizationValidationCA-SHA256-G2.crt -alias globalsignorgvalca -keystore globalsignrs.jks
$ keytool -import -file GlobalSignRootCA.crt -alias globalsignrootca -keystore globalsignrs.jks
还有一个图形化工具,可以可视化地创建JKS和导入证书。
http://portecle.sourceforge.net/
Portecle是一个用户友好的GUI应用程序,用于创建、管理和检查密钥库、密钥、证书、证书请求、证书吊销列表等等。
现在,OpenJDK的keytool
可以本地处理PEM证书了(已经有几个版本支持了,但我不确定是从哪个版本开始的)。
keytool
建议不像其他密钥库一样指定cacerts文件路径,而是使用-cacerts
选项。
因此,在OpenJDK 18(可能还有许多早期版本)中可用的命令行是:
keytool -cacerts -import -alias <alias> -file <path_to_cert.pem>
我从互联网上得到了它。对于包含多个条目的pem文件,它的效果非常好。
#!/bin/bash
pemToJks()
{
# number of certs in the PEM file
pemCerts=$1
certPass=$2
newCert=$(basename "$pemCerts")
newCert="${newCert%%.*}"
newCert="${newCert}"".JKS"
##echo $newCert $pemCerts $certPass
CERTS=$(grep 'END CERTIFICATE' $pemCerts| wc -l)
echo $CERTS
# For every cert in the PEM file, extract it and import into the JKS keystore
# awk command: step 1, if line is in the desired cert, print the line
# step 2, increment counter when last line of cert is found
for N in $(seq 0 $(($CERTS - 1))); do
ALIAS="${pemCerts%.*}-$N"
cat $pemCerts |
awk "n==$N { print }; /END CERTIFICATE/ { n++ }" |
$KEYTOOLCMD -noprompt -import -trustcacerts \
-alias $ALIAS -keystore $newCert -storepass $certPass
done
}
pemToJks <pem to import> <pass for new jks>
export KEYTOOLCMD=$(which keytool); echo $KEYTOOLCMD
)。此外,您可以使用以下命令检查生成的密钥库:keytool --list --keystore <yourfile.JKS>
。请注意,该脚本使用大写JDK作为扩展名创建文件。 - Michael Behrens