如何从Java设置环境变量？我发现可以使用ProcessBuilder为子进程完成此操作。但是，我需要启动多个子进程，所以我宁愿修改当前进程的环境并让子进程继承它。
可以使用System.getenv(String)获取单个环境变量，也可以使用System.getenv()获取完整的环境变量Map。但是，在该Map上调用put()会抛出UnsupportedOperationException异常--显然该环境被设计为只读。并且没有System.setenv()方法。
那么，在当前运行的进程中是否有任何设置环境变量的方法呢？如果有，怎么做？如果没有，原因是什么？（这是因为这是Java，因此我不应该执行像触摸环境之类的非便携式过时操作吗？）如果没有，有没有好的建议来管理我需要提供给多个子进程的环境变量更改？
如果你需要在单元测试中设置特定的环境变量值，可以使用下面这个技巧。它会更改整个JVM中的环境变量（所以在测试结束后确保重置任何更改），但不会更改系统环境。
我发现结合Edward Campbell和anonymous两位的脏代码技巧最好，因为一个在Linux下不起作用，另一个在Windows 7下不起作用。因此，为了获得跨平台的恶意黑客行为，我将它们结合起来：
protected static void setEnv(Map<String, String> newenv) throws Exception {
try {
Class<?> processEnvironmentClass = Class.forName("java.lang.ProcessEnvironment");
Field theEnvironmentField = processEnvironmentClass.getDeclaredField("theEnvironment");
theEnvironmentField.setAccessible(true);
Map<String, String> env = (Map<String, String>) theEnvironmentField.get(null);
env.putAll(newenv);
Field theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField = processEnvironmentClass.getDeclaredField("theCaseInsensitiveEnvironment");
theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField.setAccessible(true);
Map<String, String> cienv = (Map<String, String>) theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField.get(null);
cienv.putAll(newenv);
} catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
Class[] classes = Collections.class.getDeclaredClasses();
Map<String, String> env = System.getenv();
for(Class cl : classes) {
if("java.util.Collections$UnmodifiableMap".equals(cl.getName())) {
Field field = cl.getDeclaredField("m");
field.setAccessible(true);
Object obj = field.get(env);
Map<String, String> map = (Map<String, String>) obj;
map.clear();
map.putAll(newenv);
}
}
}
}
这个方法非常有效。完全归功于这两个骇客的贡献。
import java.lang.reflect.Field; 的翻译是：导入 java.lang.reflect.Field。 - pushy(这是因为这是Java，所以我不应该做像触及环境这样的邪恶的、非可移植的过时的事情吗？)
我认为你正中要害了。
减轻负担的一种可能的方法是将一个方法分解出来。
void setUpEnvironment(ProcessBuilder builder) {
Map<String, String> env = builder.environment();
// blah blah
}
在启动进程之前，请通过其传递任何ProcessBuilder。
此外，您可能已经知道，但是您可以使用相同的ProcessBuilder启动多个进程。因此，如果您的子进程相同，则无需一遍又一遍地进行此设置。
public static void set(Map<String, String> newenv) throws Exception {
Class[] classes = Collections.class.getDeclaredClasses();
Map<String, String> env = System.getenv();
for(Class cl : classes) {
if("java.util.Collections$UnmodifiableMap".equals(cl.getName())) {
Field field = cl.getDeclaredField("m");
field.setAccessible(true);
Object obj = field.get(env);
Map<String, String> map = (Map<String, String>) obj;
map.clear();
map.putAll(newenv);
}
}
}
或者按照thejoshwolfe的建议，添加/更新单个变量并删除循环。
@SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked" })
public static void updateEnv(String name, String val) throws ReflectiveOperationException {
Map<String, String> env = System.getenv();
Field field = env.getClass().getDeclaredField("m");
field.setAccessible(true);
((Map<String, String>) field.get(env)).put(name, val);
}
Class<?> cl = env.getClass(); 而要使用那个循环呢？ - thejoshwolfe根据 Edward Campbell 的回答，设置单个环境变量：
public static void setEnv(String key, String value) {
try {
Map<String, String> env = System.getenv();
Class<?> cl = env.getClass();
Field field = cl.getDeclaredField("m");
field.setAccessible(true);
Map<String, String> writableEnv = (Map<String, String>) field.get(env);
writableEnv.put(key, value);
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to set environment variable", e);
}
}
使用方法:
首先，将该方法放在您想要的任何类中，例如SystemUtil。然后以静态方式调用它：
SystemUtil.setEnv("SHELL", "/bin/bash");
如果您在此之后调用System.getenv("SHELL")，您将得到"/bin/bash"返回。
// this is a dirty hack - but should be ok for a unittest.
private void setNewEnvironmentHack(Map<String, String> newenv) throws Exception
{
Class<?> processEnvironmentClass = Class.forName("java.lang.ProcessEnvironment");
Field theEnvironmentField = processEnvironmentClass.getDeclaredField("theEnvironment");
theEnvironmentField.setAccessible(true);
Map<String, String> env = (Map<String, String>) theEnvironmentField.get(null);
env.clear();
env.putAll(newenv);
Field theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField = processEnvironmentClass.getDeclaredField("theCaseInsensitiveEnvironment");
theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField.setAccessible(true);
Map<String, String> cienv = (Map<String, String>) theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField.get(null);
cienv.clear();
cienv.putAll(newenv);
}
Libcore.os.setenv("VAR", "value", bOverwrite);
Libcore.os.getenv("VAR"));
Libcore类和OS接口都是公共的。只是缺少类声明并需要显示给链接器。不需要将这些类添加到应用程序中，但如果包含它们也不会有问题。
package libcore.io;
public final class Libcore {
private Libcore() { }
public static Os os;
}
package libcore.io;
public interface Os {
public String getenv(String name);
public void setenv(String name, String value, boolean overwrite) throws ErrnoException;
}
Os.setEnv方法。该方法具体参见http://developer.android.com/reference/android/system/Os.html#setenv(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, boolean) - Jared Burrows这是@paul-blair的回答转换成Java代码的组合，其中包括paul blair指出的一些清理和似乎存在于@pushy的代码中的一些错误，@pushy的代码由@Edward Campbell和匿名人士组成。
我无法强调这段代码应该仅在测试中使用，并且极其hacky。但对于需要在测试中设置环境的情况，它正是我所需要的。
这还包括我做的一些小修改，使代码可以在运行Windows的计算机上工作。
java version "1.8.0_92"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_92-b14)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.92-b14, mixed mode)
以及运行在 Centos 上的
openjdk version "1.8.0_91"
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_91-b14)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.91-b14, mixed mode)
实现:
/**
* Sets an environment variable FOR THE CURRENT RUN OF THE JVM
* Does not actually modify the system's environment variables,
* but rather only the copy of the variables that java has taken,
* and hence should only be used for testing purposes!
* @param key The Name of the variable to set
* @param value The value of the variable to set
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public static <K,V> void setenv(final String key, final String value) {
try {
/// we obtain the actual environment
final Class<?> processEnvironmentClass = Class.forName("java.lang.ProcessEnvironment");
final Field theEnvironmentField = processEnvironmentClass.getDeclaredField("theEnvironment");
final boolean environmentAccessibility = theEnvironmentField.isAccessible();
theEnvironmentField.setAccessible(true);
final Map<K,V> env = (Map<K, V>) theEnvironmentField.get(null);
if (SystemUtils.IS_OS_WINDOWS) {
// This is all that is needed on windows running java jdk 1.8.0_92
if (value == null) {
env.remove(key);
} else {
env.put((K) key, (V) value);
}
} else {
// This is triggered to work on openjdk 1.8.0_91
// The ProcessEnvironment$Variable is the key of the map
final Class<K> variableClass = (Class<K>) Class.forName("java.lang.ProcessEnvironment$Variable");
final Method convertToVariable = variableClass.getMethod("valueOf", String.class);
final boolean conversionVariableAccessibility = convertToVariable.isAccessible();
convertToVariable.setAccessible(true);
// The ProcessEnvironment$Value is the value fo the map
final Class<V> valueClass = (Class<V>) Class.forName("java.lang.ProcessEnvironment$Value");
final Method convertToValue = valueClass.getMethod("valueOf", String.class);
final boolean conversionValueAccessibility = convertToValue.isAccessible();
convertToValue.setAccessible(true);
if (value == null) {
env.remove(convertToVariable.invoke(null, key));
} else {
// we place the new value inside the map after conversion so as to
// avoid class cast exceptions when rerunning this code
env.put((K) convertToVariable.invoke(null, key), (V) convertToValue.invoke(null, value));
// reset accessibility to what they were
convertToValue.setAccessible(conversionValueAccessibility);
convertToVariable.setAccessible(conversionVariableAccessibility);
}
}
// reset environment accessibility
theEnvironmentField.setAccessible(environmentAccessibility);
// we apply the same to the case insensitive environment
final Field theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField = processEnvironmentClass.getDeclaredField("theCaseInsensitiveEnvironment");
final boolean insensitiveAccessibility = theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField.isAccessible();
theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField.setAccessible(true);
// Not entirely sure if this needs to be casted to ProcessEnvironment$Variable and $Value as well
final Map<String, String> cienv = (Map<String, String>) theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField.get(null);
if (value == null) {
// remove if null
cienv.remove(key);
} else {
cienv.put(key, value);
}
theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField.setAccessible(insensitiveAccessibility);
} catch (final ClassNotFoundException | NoSuchMethodException | IllegalAccessException | InvocationTargetException e) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Failed setting environment variable <"+key+"> to <"+value+">", e);
} catch (final NoSuchFieldException e) {
// we could not find theEnvironment
final Map<String, String> env = System.getenv();
Stream.of(Collections.class.getDeclaredClasses())
// obtain the declared classes of type $UnmodifiableMap
.filter(c1 -> "java.util.Collections$UnmodifiableMap".equals(c1.getName()))
.map(c1 -> {
try {
return c1.getDeclaredField("m");
} catch (final NoSuchFieldException e1) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Failed setting environment variable <"+key+"> to <"+value+"> when locating in-class memory map of environment", e1);
}
})
.forEach(field -> {
try {
final boolean fieldAccessibility = field.isAccessible();
field.setAccessible(true);
// we obtain the environment
final Map<String, String> map = (Map<String, String>) field.get(env);
if (value == null) {
// remove if null
map.remove(key);
} else {
map.put(key, value);
}
// reset accessibility
field.setAccessible(fieldAccessibility);
} catch (final ConcurrentModificationException e1) {
// This may happen if we keep backups of the environment before calling this method
// as the map that we kept as a backup may be picked up inside this block.
// So we simply skip this attempt and continue adjusting the other maps
// To avoid this one should always keep individual keys/value backups not the entire map
LOGGER.info("Attempted to modify source map: "+field.getDeclaringClass()+"#"+field.getName(), e1);
} catch (final IllegalAccessException e1) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Failed setting environment variable <"+key+"> to <"+value+">. Unable to access field!", e1);
}
});
}
LOGGER.info("Set environment variable <"+key+"> to <"+value+">. Sanity Check: "+System.getenv(key));
}
setenv("coba","coba value");
System.out.println(System.getenv("coba"));结果：
将环境变量<coba>设置为<coba value>。检查：coba
值 coba value - Mang Jojot原来@pushy/@anonymous/@Edward Campbell的解决方案在Android上不起作用，因为Android并非真正的Java。具体而言，Android根本没有java.lang.ProcessEnvironment。但是在Android上却更容易，你只需要进行一个JNI调用POSIX的setenv()函数：
在C/JNI中：
JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL Java_com_example_posixtest_Posix_setenv
(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jstring key, jstring value, jboolean overwrite)
{
char* k = (char *) (*env)->GetStringUTFChars(env, key, NULL);
char* v = (char *) (*env)->GetStringUTFChars(env, value, NULL);
int err = setenv(k, v, overwrite);
(*env)->ReleaseStringUTFChars(env, key, k);
(*env)->ReleaseStringUTFChars(env, value, v);
return err;
}
而在Java中：
public class Posix {
public static native int setenv(String key, String value, boolean overwrite);
private void runTest() {
Posix.setenv("LD_LIBRARY_PATH", "foo", true);
}
}
private Map<String, String> getModifiableEnvironmentMap() {
try {
Map<String,String> unmodifiableEnv = System.getenv();
Class<?> cl = unmodifiableEnv.getClass();
Field field = cl.getDeclaredField("m");
field.setAccessible(true);
Map<String,String> modifiableEnv = (Map<String,String>) field.get(unmodifiableEnv);
return modifiableEnv;
} catch(Exception e) {
throw new RuntimeException("Unable to access writable environment variable map.");
}
}
private Map<String, String> getModifiableEnvironmentMap2() {
try {
Class<?> processEnvironmentClass = Class.forName("java.lang.ProcessEnvironment");
Field theUnmodifiableEnvironmentField = processEnvironmentClass.getDeclaredField("theUnmodifiableEnvironment");
theUnmodifiableEnvironmentField.setAccessible(true);
Map<String,String> theUnmodifiableEnvironment = (Map<String,String>)theUnmodifiableEnvironmentField.get(null);
Class<?> theUnmodifiableEnvironmentClass = theUnmodifiableEnvironment.getClass();
Field theModifiableEnvField = theUnmodifiableEnvironmentClass.getDeclaredField("m");
theModifiableEnvField.setAccessible(true);
Map<String,String> modifiableEnv = (Map<String,String>) theModifiableEnvField.get(theUnmodifiableEnvironment);
return modifiableEnv;
} catch(Exception e) {
throw new RuntimeException("Unable to access writable environment variable map.");
}
}
private Map<String, String> clearEnvironmentVars(String[] keys) {
Map<String,String> modifiableEnv = getModifiableEnvironmentMap();
HashMap<String, String> savedVals = new HashMap<String, String>();
for(String k : keys) {
String val = modifiableEnv.remove(k);
if (val != null) { savedVals.put(k, val); }
}
return savedVals;
}
private void setEnvironmentVars(Map<String, String> varMap) {
getModifiableEnvironmentMap().putAll(varMap);
}
@Test
public void myTest() {
String[] keys = { "key1", "key2", "key3" };
Map<String, String> savedVars = clearEnvironmentVars(keys);
// do test
setEnvironmentVars(savedVars);
}
有三个库可以在单元测试期间执行此操作。
其中 Stefan Birkner 的 System Rules 和 System Lambda - https://www.baeldung.com/java-system-rules-junit，允许您执行以下操作：
public class JUnitTest {
@Rule
public EnvironmentVariables environmentVariables = new EnvironmentVariables();
@Test
public void someTest() {
environmentVariables.set("SOME_VARIABLE", "myValue");
// now System.getenv does what you want
}
}
或者对于System-Lambda：
@Test
void execute_code_with_environment_variables(
) throws Exception {
List<String> values = withEnvironmentVariable("first", "first value")
.and("second", "second value")
.execute(() -> asList(
System.getenv("first"),
System.getenv("second")
));
assertEquals(
asList("first value", "second value"),
values
);
}
@ExtendWith(SystemStubsExtension.class)
class SomeTest {
@SystemStub
private EnvironmentVariables;
@Test
void theTest() {
environmentVariables.set("SOME_VARIABLE", "myValue");
// now System.getenv does what you want
}
}
System Stubs 兼容于 System Lambda 和 System Rules，但支持 JUnit 5。
另外还有 JUnit Pioneer - https://github.com/junit-pioneer/junit-pioneer，它通过注解允许在测试时设置环境变量。
@ SetEnvironmentVariable(key =“SOME_VARIABLE”，value =“myValue”)，您就可以开始运行了。 - Matthew Read