我已经按照教程建立了一些带有漂亮小 GUI 的脚本,但是它们都没有解决如何处理更复杂的程序。
如果你有一个带有“开始菜单”的开屏界面,并且在用户选择后移动到程序的不同部分并适当地重新绘制屏幕,那么最优雅的处理方式是什么?
是直接 .destroy()
“开始菜单”框架然后创建一个带有另一部分小部件的新框架?当用户按下返回按钮时再反转这个过程吗?
我已经按照教程建立了一些带有漂亮小 GUI 的脚本,但是它们都没有解决如何处理更复杂的程序。
如果你有一个带有“开始菜单”的开屏界面,并且在用户选择后移动到程序的不同部分并适当地重新绘制屏幕,那么最优雅的处理方式是什么?
是直接 .destroy()
“开始菜单”框架然后创建一个带有另一部分小部件的新框架?当用户按下返回按钮时再反转这个过程吗?
一种方法是将多个框架垂直堆叠在一起,然后可以通过改变它们的层叠顺序来使其中一个框架显示在另一个框架的上方。最上面的那个框架会被显示出来。如果所有的框架大小都相同,这样做的效果最好,但是稍加努力也可以处理任意大小的框架。
注意:为了使这种方法奏效,每个页面的小部件都必须以该页面 (即 self
) 或其后代为父级 (或主控,取决于您喜欢的术语)。
以下是一个有些矫揉造作的例子,以展示这个概念:
try:
import tkinter as tk # python 3
from tkinter import font as tkfont # python 3
except ImportError:
import Tkinter as tk # python 2
import tkFont as tkfont # python 2
class SampleApp(tk.Tk):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
tk.Tk.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
self.title_font = tkfont.Font(family='Helvetica', size=18, weight="bold", slant="italic")
# the container is where we'll stack a bunch of frames
# on top of each other, then the one we want visible
# will be raised above the others
container = tk.Frame(self)
container.pack(side="top", fill="both", expand=True)
container.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
container.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
self.frames = {}
for F in (StartPage, PageOne, PageTwo):
page_name = F.__name__
frame = F(parent=container, controller=self)
self.frames[page_name] = frame
# put all of the pages in the same location;
# the one on the top of the stacking order
# will be the one that is visible.
frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")
self.show_frame("StartPage")
def show_frame(self, page_name):
'''Show a frame for the given page name'''
frame = self.frames[page_name]
frame.tkraise()
class StartPage(tk.Frame):
def __init__(self, parent, controller):
tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
self.controller = controller
label = tk.Label(self, text="This is the start page", font=controller.title_font)
label.pack(side="top", fill="x", pady=10)
button1 = tk.Button(self, text="Go to Page One",
command=lambda: controller.show_frame("PageOne"))
button2 = tk.Button(self, text="Go to Page Two",
command=lambda: controller.show_frame("PageTwo"))
button1.pack()
button2.pack()
class PageOne(tk.Frame):
def __init__(self, parent, controller):
tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
self.controller = controller
label = tk.Label(self, text="This is page 1", font=controller.title_font)
label.pack(side="top", fill="x", pady=10)
button = tk.Button(self, text="Go to the start page",
command=lambda: controller.show_frame("StartPage"))
button.pack()
class PageTwo(tk.Frame):
def __init__(self, parent, controller):
tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
self.controller = controller
label = tk.Label(self, text="This is page 2", font=controller.title_font)
label.pack(side="top", fill="x", pady=10)
button = tk.Button(self, text="Go to the start page",
command=lambda: controller.show_frame("StartPage"))
button.pack()
if __name__ == "__main__":
app = SampleApp()
app.mainloop()
如果你觉得在类中创建实例的概念很困惑,或者不同的页面需要在构造时传入不同的参数,那么你可以分别调用每个类。这个循环主要是为了说明每个类都是相同的。
例如,要单独创建这些类,你可以将循环 (for F in (StartPage, ...)
) 移除,用以下代码替代:
self.frames["StartPage"] = StartPage(parent=container, controller=self)
self.frames["PageOne"] = PageOne(parent=container, controller=self)
self.frames["PageTwo"] = PageTwo(parent=container, controller=self)
self.frames["StartPage"].grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")
self.frames["PageOne"].grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")
self.frames["PageTwo"].grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")
随着时间的推移,人们使用这段代码(或者仿照这段代码的在线教程)作为起点提出了其他问题。您可能想要阅读这些问题的答案:
这里有另一个简单的答案,但不使用类。
from tkinter import *
def raise_frame(frame):
frame.tkraise()
root = Tk()
f1 = Frame(root)
f2 = Frame(root)
f3 = Frame(root)
f4 = Frame(root)
for frame in (f1, f2, f3, f4):
frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky='news')
Button(f1, text='Go to frame 2', command=lambda:raise_frame(f2)).pack()
Label(f1, text='FRAME 1').pack()
Label(f2, text='FRAME 2').pack()
Button(f2, text='Go to frame 3', command=lambda:raise_frame(f3)).pack()
Label(f3, text='FRAME 3').pack(side='left')
Button(f3, text='Go to frame 4', command=lambda:raise_frame(f4)).pack(side='left')
Label(f4, text='FRAME 4').pack()
Button(f4, text='Goto to frame 1', command=lambda:raise_frame(f1)).pack()
raise_frame(f1)
root.mainloop()
tkinter
中切换框架的一种方法是销毁旧框架,然后用新框架替换它。container
对象的需要,并允许您使用任何通用的Frame
类。# Multi-frame tkinter application v2.3
import tkinter as tk
class SampleApp(tk.Tk):
def __init__(self):
tk.Tk.__init__(self)
self._frame = None
self.switch_frame(StartPage)
def switch_frame(self, frame_class):
"""Destroys current frame and replaces it with a new one."""
new_frame = frame_class(self)
if self._frame is not None:
self._frame.destroy()
self._frame = new_frame
self._frame.pack()
class StartPage(tk.Frame):
def __init__(self, master):
tk.Frame.__init__(self, master)
tk.Label(self, text="This is the start page").pack(side="top", fill="x", pady=10)
tk.Button(self, text="Open page one",
command=lambda: master.switch_frame(PageOne)).pack()
tk.Button(self, text="Open page two",
command=lambda: master.switch_frame(PageTwo)).pack()
class PageOne(tk.Frame):
def __init__(self, master):
tk.Frame.__init__(self, master)
tk.Label(self, text="This is page one").pack(side="top", fill="x", pady=10)
tk.Button(self, text="Return to start page",
command=lambda: master.switch_frame(StartPage)).pack()
class PageTwo(tk.Frame):
def __init__(self, master):
tk.Frame.__init__(self, master)
tk.Label(self, text="This is page two").pack(side="top", fill="x", pady=10)
tk.Button(self, text="Return to start page",
command=lambda: master.switch_frame(StartPage)).pack()
if __name__ == "__main__":
app = SampleApp()
app.mainloop()
switch_frame()
的工作原理是接受任何实现Frame
的类对象。该函数然后创建一个新的帧来替换旧的帧。
_frame
,则删除它,然后用新帧替换它。.pack()
添加的其他框架(如菜单栏)将不受影响。tkinter.Frame
的类一起使用。v2.3
- Pack buttons and labels as they are initialized
v2.2
- Initialize `_frame` as `None`.
- Check if `_frame` is `None` before calling `.destroy()`.
v2.1.1
- Remove type-hinting for backwards compatibility with Python 3.4.
v2.1
- Add type-hinting for `frame_class`.
v2.0
- Remove extraneous `container` frame.
- Application now works with any generic `tkinter.frame` instance.
- Remove `controller` argument from frame classes.
- Frame switching is now done with `master.switch_frame()`.
v1.6
- Check if frame attribute exists before destroying it.
- Use `switch_frame()` to set first frame.
v1.5
- Revert 'Initialize new `_frame` after old `_frame` is destroyed'.
- Initializing the frame before calling `.destroy()` results
in a smoother visual transition.
v1.4
- Pack frames in `switch_frame()`.
- Initialize new `_frame` after old `_frame` is destroyed.
- Remove `new_frame` variable.
v1.3
- Rename `parent` to `master` for consistency with base `Frame` class.
v1.2
- Remove `main()` function.
v1.1
- Rename `frame` to `_frame`.
- Naming implies variable should be private.
- Create new frame before destroying old frame.
v1.0
- Initial version.
self
)。 - StevoisiakPerl/Tk子系统
有关。这也会在使用Python
时发生,没有任何地方被提交。 - stovflimport tkinter as tk
class App:
def __init__(self, root=None):
self.root = root
self.frame = tk.Frame(self.root)
self.frame.pack()
tk.Label(self.frame, text='Main page').pack()
tk.Button(self.frame, text='Go to Page 1',
command=self.make_page_1).pack()
self.page_1 = Page_1(master=self.root, app=self)
def main_page(self):
self.frame.pack()
def make_page_1(self):
self.frame.pack_forget()
self.page_1.start_page()
class Page_1:
def __init__(self, master=None, app=None):
self.master = master
self.app = app
self.frame = tk.Frame(self.master)
tk.Label(self.frame, text='Page 1').pack()
tk.Button(self.frame, text='Go back', command=self.go_back).pack()
def start_page(self):
self.frame.pack()
def go_back(self):
self.frame.pack_forget()
self.app.main_page()
if __name__ == '__main__':
root = tk.Tk()
app = App(root)
root.mainloop()
pack
,那么可以使用pack_forget
。 - Bryan Oakley