我需要迭代地计算排列。 方法签名如下:
int[][] permute(int n)
例如,对于n = 3
,返回值将是:
[[0,1,2],
[0,2,1],
[1,0,2],
[1,2,0],
[2,0,1],
[2,1,0]]
你会如何以最高效的方式迭代完成这个任务?我可以递归地完成它,但我想看到使用迭代方法的其他许多方式。
我需要迭代地计算排列。 方法签名如下:
int[][] permute(int n)
例如,对于n = 3
,返回值将是:
[[0,1,2],
[0,2,1],
[1,0,2],
[1,2,0],
[2,0,1],
[2,1,0]]
你会如何以最高效的方式迭代完成这个任务?我可以递归地完成它,但我想看到使用迭代方法的其他许多方式。
请查看 QuickPerm 算法,它是迭代的:http://www.quickperm.org/
编辑:
为了更加清晰易懂,已经用 Ruby 重写:
def permute_map(n)
results = []
a, p = (0...n).to_a, [0] * n
i, j = 0, 0
i = 1
results << yield(a)
while i < n
if p[i] < i
j = i % 2 * p[i] # If i is odd, then j = p[i], else j = 0
a[j], a[i] = a[i], a[j] # Swap
results << yield(a)
p[i] += 1
i = 1
else
p[i] = 0
i += 1
end
end
return results
end
(0...n).to_a.permutation { |a| puts a.inspect }
- Bob Aman从一个排列到下一个的步骤算法与小学加法非常相似 - 当发生溢出时,“进位一”。
这是我用C语言编写的实现:
#include <stdio.h>
//Convenience macro. Its function should be obvious.
#define swap(a,b) do { \
typeof(a) __tmp = (a); \
(a) = (b); \
(b) = __tmp; \
} while(0)
void perm_start(unsigned int n[], unsigned int count) {
unsigned int i;
for (i=0; i<count; i++)
n[i] = i;
}
//Returns 0 on wraparound
int perm_next(unsigned int n[], unsigned int count) {
unsigned int tail, i, j;
if (count <= 1)
return 0;
/* Find all terms at the end that are in reverse order.
Example: 0 3 (5 4 2 1) (i becomes 2) */
for (i=count-1; i>0 && n[i-1] >= n[i]; i--);
tail = i;
if (tail > 0) {
/* Find the last item from the tail set greater than
the last item from the head set, and swap them.
Example: 0 3* (5 4* 2 1)
Becomes: 0 4* (5 3* 2 1) */
for (j=count-1; j>tail && n[j] <= n[tail-1]; j--);
swap(n[tail-1], n[j]);
}
/* Reverse the tail set's order */
for (i=tail, j=count-1; i<j; i++, j--)
swap(n[i], n[j]);
/* If the entire list was in reverse order, tail will be zero. */
return (tail != 0);
}
int main(void)
{
#define N 3
unsigned int perm[N];
perm_start(perm, N);
do {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
printf("%d ", perm[i]);
printf("\n");
} while (perm_next(perm, N));
return 0;
}
使用1.9的Array#permutation是一个选择吗?
>> a = [0,1,2].permutation(3).to_a
=> [[0, 1, 2], [0, 2, 1], [1, 0, 2], [1, 2, 0], [2, 0, 1], [2, 1, 0]]
next_permutation
函数相似(但如果集合已经达到最大可能的排列,它不会像C++版本那样将其反转)。理论上,它应该适用于任何IList<>
的 IComparables。static bool NextPermutation<T>(IList<T> a) where T: IComparable
{
if (a.Count < 2) return false;
var k = a.Count-2;
while (k >= 0 && a[k].CompareTo( a[k+1]) >=0) k--;
if(k<0)return false;
var l = a.Count - 1;
while (l > k && a[l].CompareTo(a[k]) <= 0) l--;
var tmp = a[k];
a[k] = a[l];
a[l] = tmp;
var i = k + 1;
var j = a.Count - 1;
while(i<j)
{
tmp = a[i];
a[i] = a[j];
a[j] = tmp;
i++;
j--;
}
return true;
}
以下是演示/测试代码:
var src = "1234".ToCharArray();
do
{
Console.WriteLine(src);
}
while (NextPermutation(src));
我还遇到了另一个答案中提到的QuickPerm算法。我想额外分享一下这个答案,因为我发现可以做出一些立即的改变来缩短它的代码。例如,如果索引数组“p”的初始化稍微不同,就可以在循环之前省略返回第一个排列。此外,所有那些while循环和if语句占用了更多的空间。
void permute(char* s, size_t l) {
int* p = new int[l];
for (int i = 0; i < l; i++) p[i] = i;
for (size_t i = 0; i < l; printf("%s\n", s)) {
std::swap(s[i], s[i % 2 * --p[i]]);
for (i = 1; p[i] == 0; i++) p[i] = i;
}
}
for
循环中的停止条件更改为 i < l && p[i] == 0
。 - Xavier Dury我发现Joey Adams的版本最易读,但是由于C#处理for循环变量的作用域方式不同,我不能直接将其移植到C#中。因此,这是他代码的稍微调整版本:
/// <summary>
/// Performs an in-place permutation of <paramref name="values"/>, and returns if there
/// are any more permutations remaining.
/// </summary>
private static bool NextPermutation(int[] values)
{
if (values.Length == 0)
throw new ArgumentException("Cannot permutate an empty collection.");
//Find all terms at the end that are in reverse order.
// Example: 0 3 (5 4 2 1) (i becomes 2)
int tail = values.Length - 1;
while(tail > 0 && values[tail - 1] >= values[tail])
tail--;
if (tail > 0)
{
//Find the last item from the tail set greater than the last item from the head
//set, and swap them.
// Example: 0 3* (5 4* 2 1)
// Becomes: 0 4* (5 3* 2 1)
int index = values.Length - 1;
while (index > tail && values[index] <= values[tail - 1])
index--;
Swap(ref values[tail - 1], ref values[index]);
}
//Reverse the tail set's order.
int limit = (values.Length - tail) / 2;
for (int index = 0; index < limit; index++)
Swap(ref values[tail + index], ref values[values.Length - 1 - index]);
//If the entire list was in reverse order, tail will be zero.
return (tail != 0);
}
private static void Swap<T>(ref T left, ref T right)
{
T temp = left;
left = right;
right = temp;
}
这里提供一个C#的实现,作为扩展方法:
public static IEnumerable<List<T>> Permute<T>(this IList<T> items)
{
var indexes = Enumerable.Range(0, items.Count).ToArray();
yield return indexes.Select(idx => items[idx]).ToList();
var weights = new int[items.Count];
var idxUpper = 1;
while (idxUpper < items.Count)
{
if (weights[idxUpper] < idxUpper)
{
var idxLower = idxUpper % 2 * weights[idxUpper];
var tmp = indexes[idxLower];
indexes[idxLower] = indexes[idxUpper];
indexes[idxUpper] = tmp;
yield return indexes.Select(idx => items[idx]).ToList();
weights[idxUpper]++;
idxUpper = 1;
}
else
{
weights[idxUpper] = 0;
idxUpper++;
}
}
}
还有一个单元测试:
[TestMethod]
public void Permute()
{
var ints = new[] { 1, 2, 3 };
var orderings = ints.Permute().ToList();
Assert.AreEqual(6, orderings.Count);
AssertUtil.SequencesAreEqual(new[] { 1, 2, 3 }, orderings[0]);
AssertUtil.SequencesAreEqual(new[] { 2, 1, 3 }, orderings[1]);
AssertUtil.SequencesAreEqual(new[] { 3, 1, 2 }, orderings[2]);
AssertUtil.SequencesAreEqual(new[] { 1, 3, 2 }, orderings[3]);
AssertUtil.SequencesAreEqual(new[] { 2, 3, 1 }, orderings[4]);
AssertUtil.SequencesAreEqual(new[] { 3, 2, 1 }, orderings[5]);
}
AssertUtil.SequencesAreEqual
方法是一个自定义的测试辅助工具,可以很容易地重新创建。
public static <T> boolean permutation(List<T> values, int index) {
return permutation(values, values.size() - 1, index);
}
private static <T> boolean permutation(List<T> values, int n, int index) {
if ((index == 0) || (n == 0)) return (index == 0);
Collections.swap(values, n, n-(index % n));
return permutation(values,n-1,index/n);
}
var all = ["a", "b", "c"];
console.log(permute(all));
function permute(a){
var i=1,j, temp = "";
var p = [];
var n = a.length;
var output = [];
output.push(a.slice());
for(var b=0; b <= n; b++){
p[b] = b;
}
while (i < n){
p[i]--;
if(i%2 == 1){
j = p[i];
}
else{
j = 0;
}
temp = a[j];
a[j] = a[i];
a[i] = temp;
i=1;
while (p[i] === 0){
p[i] = i;
i++;
}
output.push(a.slice());
}
return output;
}
我已经使用了这里的算法。该页面包含了很多有用的信息。
编辑:抱歉,之前提到的是递归算法。uray在他的答案中发布了迭代算法的链接。
我创建了一个PHP示例。除非您确实需要返回所有的结果,否则我会只创建一个如下所示的迭代类:
<?php
class Permutator implements Iterator
{
private $a, $n, $p, $i, $j, $k;
private $stop;
public function __construct(array $a)
{
$this->a = array_values($a);
$this->n = count($this->a);
}
public function current()
{
return $this->a;
}
public function next()
{
++$this->k;
while ($this->i < $this->n)
{
if ($this->p[$this->i] < $this->i)
{
$this->j = ($this->i % 2) * $this->p[$this->i];
$tmp = $this->a[$this->j];
$this->a[$this->j] = $this->a[$this->i];
$this->a[$this->i] = $tmp;
$this->p[$this->i]++;
$this->i = 1;
return;
}
$this->p[$this->i++] = 0;
}
$this->stop = true;
}
public function key()
{
return $this->k;
}
public function valid()
{
return !$this->stop;
}
public function rewind()
{
if ($this->n) $this->p = array_fill(0, $this->n, 0);
$this->stop = $this->n == 0;
$this->i = 1;
$this->j = 0;
$this->k = 0;
}
}
foreach (new Permutator(array(1,2,3,4,5)) as $permutation)
{
var_dump($permutation);
}
?>