在使用 requests
模块 时,有没有办法打印原始的 HTTP 请求?
我不仅想要头部信息,还想要请求行、头部信息和内容的输出。是否可以查看最终从 HTTP 请求构建的内容?
在使用 requests
模块 时,有没有办法打印原始的 HTTP 请求?
我不仅想要头部信息,还想要请求行、头部信息和内容的输出。是否可以查看最终从 HTTP 请求构建的内容?
import requests
req = requests.Request('POST','http://stackoverflow.com',headers={'X-Custom':'Test'},data='a=1&b=2')
prepared = req.prepare()
def pretty_print_POST(req):
"""
At this point it is completely built and ready
to be fired; it is "prepared".
However pay attention at the formatting used in
this function because it is programmed to be pretty
printed and may differ from the actual request.
"""
print('{}\n{}\r\n{}\r\n\r\n{}'.format(
'-----------START-----------',
req.method + ' ' + req.url,
'\r\n'.join('{}: {}'.format(k, v) for k, v in req.headers.items()),
req.body,
))
pretty_print_POST(prepared)
-----------START-----------
POST http://stackoverflow.com/
Content-Length: 7
X-Custom: Test
a=1&b=2
s = requests.Session()
s.send(prepared)
response = requests.post(...)
(或requests.get
或requests.put
等)方法,实际上可以通过response.request
获得PreparedResponse
。如果在接收响应之前不需要访问原始HTTP数据,则可以节省手动操作requests.Request
和requests.Session
的工作。 - Gershom Maespretty_print_POST(req)
而不是实际上应该输入的 (pretty_print_POST(prepared)
)。它需要一个 PreparedRequest,而不是一个 Request。 - rschwiebfrom urllib.parse import unquote
,然后对 req.body
进行解码。https://www.urldecoder.io/python/ - undefinedimport requests
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data={'key1': 'value1'})
print(response.request.url)
print(response.request.body)
print(response.request.headers)
Response
对象具有一个 .request
属性,它是被发送的 PreparedRequest
对象。
response.request
实际上将包含已发送的最后一个PreparedRequest
。可以使用https://httpbin.org/redirect/3
进行尝试。要真正挖掘出响应对象中的原始请求,您必须查看response.history
。 - Jeyekomonimport requests
from requests_toolbelt.utils import dump
resp = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/redirect/5')
data = dump.dump_all(resp)
print(data.decode('utf-8'))
来源: https://toolbelt.readthedocs.org/en/latest/dumputils.html
你可以通过输入以下命令来简单安装它:
pip install requests_toolbelt
注意:本回答适用于旧版本的requests
,当时该功能尚未添加。较新版本已经原生支持此功能(请参阅其他回答)
requests
只处理高级对象,如标题和方法类型,因此无法获取请求的真实原始内容。 requests
使用urllib3
发送请求,但是urllib3
也不处理原始数据-它使用httplib
。以下是请求的代表性堆栈跟踪:
-> r= requests.get("http://google.com")
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/api.py(55)get()
-> return request('get', url, **kwargs)
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/api.py(44)request()
-> return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py(382)request()
-> resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py(485)send()
-> r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/adapters.py(324)send()
-> timeout=timeout
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py(478)urlopen()
-> body=body, headers=headers)
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py(285)_make_request()
-> conn.request(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)
/usr/lib/python2.7/httplib.py(958)request()
-> self._send_request(method, url, body, headers)
在 httplib
机制内部,我们可以看到 HTTPConnection._send_request
间接使用 HTTPConnection._send_output
,后者最终创建原始请求和请求体(如果存在),并使用 HTTPConnection.send
分别发送它们。最后,send
到达套接字。
由于没有钩子来实现您想要的内容,作为最后的手段,您可以 monkey patch httplib
来获取内容。这是一个脆弱的解决方案,如果 httplib
改变了,您可能需要进行适应。如果您打算使用此解决方案分发软件,则可以考虑打包 httplib
而不是使用系统的,因为它是一个纯 Python 模块,这很容易。
然而,无需多言,这就是解决方案:
import requests
import httplib
def patch_send():
old_send= httplib.HTTPConnection.send
def new_send( self, data ):
print data
return old_send(self, data) #return is not necessary, but never hurts, in case the library is changed
httplib.HTTPConnection.send= new_send
patch_send()
requests.get("http://www.python.org")
这会产生输出:
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: www.python.org
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, compress
Accept: */*
User-Agent: python-requests/2.1.0 CPython/2.7.3 Linux/3.2.0-23-generic-pae
requests
支持所谓的 事件钩子(自2.23以来,实际上只有response
钩子)。可以在请求时使用该钩子打印完整的请求-响应对数据,包括有效的URL、标头和主体,例如:
import textwrap
import requests
def print_roundtrip(response, *args, **kwargs):
format_headers = lambda d: '\n'.join(f'{k}: {v}' for k, v in d.items())
print(textwrap.dedent('''
---------------- request ----------------
{req.method} {req.url}
{reqhdrs}
{req.body}
---------------- response ----------------
{res.status_code} {res.reason} {res.url}
{reshdrs}
{res.text}
''').format(
req=response.request,
res=response,
reqhdrs=format_headers(response.request.headers),
reshdrs=format_headers(response.headers),
))
requests.get('https://httpbin.org/', hooks={'response': print_roundtrip})
运行它会打印出:
---------------- request ----------------
GET https://httpbin.org/
User-Agent: python-requests/2.23.0
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept: */*
Connection: keep-alive
None
---------------- response ----------------
200 OK https://httpbin.org/
Date: Thu, 14 May 2020 17:16:13 GMT
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 9593
Connection: keep-alive
Server: gunicorn/19.9.0
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
...
</html>
如果响应是二进制的,您可能希望将res.text
更改为res.content
。
这里有一段代码,它可以使用响应头来实现同样的功能:
import socket
def patch_requests():
old_readline = socket._fileobject.readline
if not hasattr(old_readline, 'patched'):
def new_readline(self, size=-1):
res = old_readline(self, size)
print res,
return res
new_readline.patched = True
socket._fileobject.readline = new_readline
patch_requests()
我花了很长时间寻找这个,所以我将它留在这里,如果有人需要的话。
使用以下代码获取表示原始HTTP数据包的字符串,而无需发送它:
AntonioHerraizS的答案的分支(根据评论中所述缺少HTTP版本)
import requests
def get_raw_request(request):
request = request.prepare() if isinstance(request, requests.Request) else request
headers = '\r\n'.join(f'{k}: {v}' for k, v in request.headers.items())
body = '' if request.body is None else request.body.decode() if isinstance(request.body, bytes) else request.body
return f'{request.method} {request.path_url} HTTP/1.1\r\n{headers}\r\n\r\n{body}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'Test'}
request = requests.Request('POST', 'https://stackoverflow.com', headers=headers, json={"hello": "world"})
raw_request = get_raw_request(request)
print(raw_request)
结果:
POST / HTTP/1.1
User-Agent: Test
Content-Length: 18
Content-Type: application/json
{"hello": "world"}
Can also print the request in the response object
r = requests.get('https://stackoverflow.com') raw_request = get_raw_request(r.request) print(raw_request)
format_json = functools.partial(json.dumps, indent=2, sort_keys=True)
indent = functools.partial(textwrap.indent, prefix=' ')
def format_prepared_request(req):
"""Pretty-format 'requests.PreparedRequest'
Example:
res = requests.post(...)
print(format_prepared_request(res.request))
req = requests.Request(...)
req = req.prepare()
print(format_prepared_request(res.request))
"""
headers = '\n'.join(f'{k}: {v}' for k, v in req.headers.items())
content_type = req.headers.get('Content-Type', '')
if 'application/json' in content_type:
try:
body = format_json(json.loads(req.body))
except json.JSONDecodeError:
body = req.body
else:
body = req.body
s = textwrap.dedent("""
REQUEST
=======
endpoint: {method} {url}
headers:
{headers}
body:
{body}
=======
""").strip()
s = s.format(
method=req.method,
url=req.url,
headers=indent(headers),
body=indent(body),
)
return s
我有一个类似的函数来格式化响应:
def format_response(resp):
"""Pretty-format 'requests.Response'"""
headers = '\n'.join(f'{k}: {v}' for k, v in resp.headers.items())
content_type = resp.headers.get('Content-Type', '')
if 'application/json' in content_type:
try:
body = format_json(resp.json())
except json.JSONDecodeError:
body = resp.text
else:
body = resp.text
s = textwrap.dedent("""
RESPONSE
========
status_code: {status_code}
headers:
{headers}
body:
{body}
========
""").strip()
s = s.format(
status_code=resp.status_code,
headers=indent(headers),
body=indent(body),
)
return s
test_print.py 内容:
import logging
import pytest
import requests
from requests_toolbelt.utils import dump
def print_raw_http(response):
data = dump.dump_all(response, request_prefix=b'', response_prefix=b'')
return '\n' * 2 + data.decode('utf-8')
@pytest.fixture
def logger():
log = logging.getLogger()
log.addHandler(logging.StreamHandler())
log.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
return log
def test_print_response(logger):
session = requests.Session()
response = session.get('http://127.0.0.1:5000/')
assert response.status_code == 300, logger.warning(print_raw_http(response))
hello.py内容:
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
return 'Hello, World!'
运行:
$ python -m flask hello.py
$ python -m pytest test_print.py
标准输出:
------------------------------ Captured log call ------------------------------
DEBUG urllib3.connectionpool:connectionpool.py:225 Starting new HTTP connection (1): 127.0.0.1:5000
DEBUG urllib3.connectionpool:connectionpool.py:437 http://127.0.0.1:5000 "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 13
WARNING root:test_print_raw_response.py:25
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:5000
User-Agent: python-requests/2.23.0
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept: */*
Connection: keep-alive
HTTP/1.0 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 13
Server: Werkzeug/1.0.1 Python/3.6.8
Date: Thu, 24 Sep 2020 21:00:54 GMT
Hello, World!