当我使用Python内置的socket模块中的gethostbyname(gethostname())函数时,它只会返回其中一个。如何获取其他的IP地址?
使用netifaces
模块。由于网络是复杂的,使用netifaces可能有些棘手,但这里是如何实现你想要的:
>>> import netifaces
>>> netifaces.interfaces()
['lo', 'eth0']
>>> netifaces.ifaddresses('eth0')
{17: [{'broadcast': 'ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', 'addr': '00:11:2f:32:63:45'}], 2: [{'broadcast': '10.0.0.255', 'netmask': '255.255.255.0', 'addr': '10.0.0.2'}], 10: [{'netmask': 'ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::', 'addr': 'fe80::211:2fff:fe32:6345%eth0'}]}
>>> for interface in netifaces.interfaces():
... print netifaces.ifaddresses(interface)[netifaces.AF_INET]
...
[{'peer': '127.0.0.1', 'netmask': '255.0.0.0', 'addr': '127.0.0.1'}]
[{'broadcast': '10.0.0.255', 'netmask': '255.255.255.0', 'addr': '10.0.0.2'}]
>>> for interface in netifaces.interfaces():
... for link in netifaces.ifaddresses(interface)[netifaces.AF_INET]:
... print link['addr']
...
127.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
可以这样稍微更易读一些:
from netifaces import interfaces, ifaddresses, AF_INET
def ip4_addresses():
ip_list = []
for interface in interfaces():
for link in ifaddresses(interface)[AF_INET]:
ip_list.append(link['addr'])
return ip_list
如果您想要IPv6地址,请使用AF_INET6
而不是AF_INET
。如果您想知道为什么netifaces
到处都在使用列表和字典,那是因为单台计算机可以拥有多个网卡,每个网卡可以有多个地址,并且每个地址都有自己的选项集。
for link in ifaddresses(interface).get(AF_INET, ())
。我还忽略了一些名为 'lo0' 的接口。 - Julio Batista Silvaimport socket
[i[4][0] for i in socket.getaddrinfo(socket.gethostname(), None)]
ifconfig
命令输出的等效信息。 - Mikhail T.{i [4] [0]为 ...,无} }
来获取唯一地址集。如果您需要列表,请将它包装在 list (...)
调用中。 - grandchildip a
命令的输出了。 - user7851115仅为完整性,另一个选项是使用psutil。
import socket
import psutil
def get_ip_addresses(family):
for interface, snics in psutil.net_if_addrs().items():
for snic in snics:
if snic.family == family:
yield (interface, snic.address)
ipv4s = list(get_ip_addresses(socket.AF_INET))
ipv6s = list(get_ip_addresses(socket.AF_INET6))
您需要使用的函数是net_if_addrs
。即:
import psutil
psutil.net_if_addrs()
这将导致类似以下的结果(Python 3):
{'br-ae4880aa80cf': [snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, address='172.18.0.1', netmask='255.255.0.0', broadcast='172.18.0.1', ptp=None),
snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_PACKET: 17>, address='02:42:e5:ae:39:94', netmask=None, broadcast='ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', ptp=None)],
'docker0': [snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, address='172.17.0.1', netmask='255.255.0.0', broadcast='172.17.0.1', ptp=None),
snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_PACKET: 17>, address='02:42:38:d2:4d:77', netmask=None, broadcast='ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', ptp=None)],
'eno1': [snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_PACKET: 17>, address='54:be:f7:0b:cf:a9', netmask=None, broadcast='ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', ptp=None)],
'lo': [snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, address='127.0.0.1', netmask='255.0.0.0', broadcast=None, ptp=None),
snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_PACKET: 17>, address='00:00:00:00:00:00', netmask=None, broadcast=None, ptp=None)],
'wlp2s0': [snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, address='192.168.1.4', netmask='255.255.255.0', broadcast='192.168.1.255', ptp=None),
snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_PACKET: 17>, address='00:21:27:ee:d6:03', netmask=None, broadcast='ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', ptp=None)]}
(Python 2):
{'br-ae4880aa80cf': [snic(family=2, address='172.18.0.1', netmask='255.255.0.0', broadcast='172.18.0.1', ptp=None),
snic(family=17, address='02:42:e5:ae:39:94', netmask=None, broadcast='ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', ptp=None)],
'docker0': [snic(family=2, address='172.17.0.1', netmask='255.255.0.0', broadcast='172.17.0.1', ptp=None),
snic(family=17, address='02:42:38:d2:4d:77', netmask=None, broadcast='ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', ptp=None)],
'eno1': [snic(family=17, address='54:be:f7:0b:cf:a9', netmask=None, broadcast='ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', ptp=None)],
'lo': [snic(family=2, address='127.0.0.1', netmask='255.0.0.0', broadcast=None, ptp=None),
snic(family=17, address='00:00:00:00:00:00', netmask=None, broadcast=None, ptp=None)],
'wlp2s0': [snic(family=2, address='192.168.1.4', netmask='255.255.255.0', broadcast='192.168.1.255', ptp=None),
snic(family=17, address='00:21:27:ee:d6:03', netmask=None, broadcast='ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', ptp=None)]}
注意:由于每个接口可以有多个属于同一家族的地址,因此字典值是列表。
每个snic
都是一个namedtuple
,包括5个字段:
family
:地址族,可以是AF_INET
、AF_INET6
或psutil.AF_LINK
,代表MAC地址。address
:主要NIC地址(始终设置)。netmask
:子网掩码地址(可以为None)。broadcast
:广播地址(可以为None)。ptp
:指“点对点”;它是点对点接口上的目标地址(通常是VPN)。广播和ptp是互斥的(可以为None)。通过使用 netifaces
模块,将所有地址放在一行上:
[netifaces.ifaddresses(iface)[netifaces.AF_INET][0]['addr'] for iface in netifaces.interfaces() if netifaces.AF_INET in netifaces.ifaddresses(iface)]
https://docs.python.org/3.4/library/socket.html#socket.if_nameindex
socket.if_nameindex()
返回一个包含网络接口信息(索引int,名称string)元组的列表。如果系统调用失败则返回OSError。
可用性:Unix。
自版本3.3起新增。
以下是可以在Python 3.4、UNIX/Linux上运行的代码示例:
#!/env/python3.4
import socket
import fcntl
import struct
def active_nic_addresses():
"""
Return a list of IPv4 addresses that are active on the computer.
"""
addresses = [ip for ip in socket.gethostbyname_ex(socket.gethostname())[2] if not ip.startswith("127.")][:1]
return addresses
def get_ip_address( NICname ):
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
return socket.inet_ntoa(fcntl.ioctl(
s.fileno(),
0x8915, # SIOCGIFADDR
struct.pack('256s', NICname[:15].encode("UTF-8"))
)[20:24])
def nic_info():
"""
Return a list with tuples containing NIC and IPv4
"""
nic = []
for ix in socket.if_nameindex():
name = ix[1]
ip = get_ip_address( name )
nic.append( (name, ip) )
return nic
if __name__ == "__main__":
print( active_nic_addresses() )
print( nic_info() )
['192.168.0.2']
[('lo', '127.0.0.1'), ('enp3s0', '192.168.0.2')]
正如这个帖子所表明的那样,有很多方法可以实现相同的结果,我建议的方法是利用getaddrinfo()
中内置的家庭过滤器,并解析标准化的元组,如下所示:
最初的回答:
from socket import getaddrinfo, AF_INET, gethostname
for ip in getaddrinfo(host=gethostname(), port=None, family=AF_INET):
print(ip[4][0])
示例输出:
192.168.55.1
192.168.170.234
127.0.0.1
。 - Ciasto piekarzimport itertools
from netifaces import interfaces, ifaddresses, AF_INET
links = filter(None, (ifaddresses(x).get(AF_INET) for x in interfaces()))
links = itertools.chain(*links)
ip_addresses = [x['addr'] for x in links]
这只适用于Linux,但是这里有一个非常简单的方法 http://code.activestate.com/recipes/439094/
它可能使用了与另一个答案中提到的netifaces包类似的代码(但此处链接的是当前版本)
socket.getaddrinfo()实际上并不返回设备绑定的IP地址。如果您的主机文件包含一行“127.0.1.1 yourhost.example.com yourhost”,这是一种常见的配置,getaddrinfo只会返回127.0.1.1。
你可以像这样轻松地完成它:
import netifaces
for interface in netifaces.interfaces():
print netifaces.ifaddresses(interface)
更多信息请查看netifaces文档。
这里有一个用于查找所有IPv4和IPv6接口的例程。正如之前的帖子所指出的那样,socket.gethostbyname_ex() 对于IPv6不起作用,Python文档建议使用socket.getaddressinfo()。
此例程添加了回调IPv4接口(127.0.0.1),如果有任何IPv6接口,则还会添加回调IPv6接口(::1)。在我的机器上,socket.getaddrinfo()将为我提供其中一个或两个,但仅当我没有其他可用接口时才会提供。
对于我的需求,我想尝试在每个可用接口上的指定端口上打开一个UDP套接字,这就是代码中包含“port”和socket.SOCK_DGRAM的原因。可以安全地更改它们,例如,如果您没有特定的端口。
addrinfo_ipv4 = socket.getaddrinfo(hostname,port,socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
addrinfo_ipv6 = []
try:
addrinfo_ipv6 = socket.getaddrinfo(hostname,port,socket.AF_INET6,socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
except socket.gaierror:
pass
addrinfo = [(f,t,a) for f,t,p,cn,a in addrinfo_ipv4+addrinfo_ipv6]
addrinfo_local = [(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_DGRAM,('127.0.0.1',port))]
if addrinfo_ipv6:
addrinfo_local.append( (socket.AF_INET6,socket.SOCK_DGRAM,('::1',port)) )
[addrinfo.append(ai) for ai in addrinfo_local if ai not in addrinfo]