我有一个包含文本和HTML的字符串。我希望移除或禁用某些HTML标签,例如<script>
,同时允许其他标签,以便在网页上安全地呈现它。我有一个允许使用的标签列表,如何处理该字符串以删除任何其他标签?
lxml.html.clean
来清理 HTML,非常简单!from lxml.html.clean import clean_html
print clean_html(html)
html = '''\
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript" src="evil-site"></script>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/rss" src="evil-rss">
<style>
body {background-image: url(javascript:do_evil)};
div {color: expression(evil)};
</style>
</head>
<body onload="evil_function()">
<!-- I am interpreted for EVIL! -->
<a href="javascript:evil_function()">a link</a>
<a href="#" onclick="evil_function()">another link</a>
<p onclick="evil_function()">a paragraph</p>
<div style="display: none">secret EVIL!</div>
<object> of EVIL! </object>
<iframe src="evil-site"></iframe>
<form action="evil-site">
Password: <input type="password" name="password">
</form>
<blink>annoying EVIL!</blink>
<a href="evil-site">spam spam SPAM!</a>
<image src="evil!">
</body>
</html>'''
The results...
<html>
<body>
<div>
<style>/* deleted */</style>
<a href="">a link</a>
<a href="#">another link</a>
<p>a paragraph</p>
<div>secret EVIL!</div>
of EVIL!
Password:
annoying EVIL!
<a href="evil-site">spam spam SPAM!</a>
<img src="evil!">
</div>
</body>
</html>
lxml.html.clean.clean()
方法的文档字符串,它有很多选项! - Denilson Sá Maiaallow_tags
。 - Martijn Pieters以下是使用BeautifulSoup的简单解决方案:
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
VALID_TAGS = ['strong', 'em', 'p', 'ul', 'li', 'br']
def sanitize_html(value):
soup = BeautifulSoup(value)
for tag in soup.findAll(True):
if tag.name not in VALID_TAGS:
tag.hidden = True
return soup.renderContents()
tag.extract()
替换tag.hidden
。您还可以考虑使用lxml和Tidy。from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup
。 - Nikhil<<script>script> alert("Haha, I hacked your page."); </</script>script>
最好的做法是将<
元素剥离成<
,以禁止所有HTML,然后使用受限制的子集(如Markdown)来正确呈现格式。特别地,你还可以使用正则表达式重新引入常见的HTML。大致上,该过程如下:
_lt_ = re.compile('<')
_tc_ = '~(lt)~' # or whatever, so long as markdown doesn't mangle it.
_ok_ = re.compile(_tc_ + '(/?(?:u|b|i|em|strong|sup|sub|p|br|q|blockquote|code))>', re.I)
_sqrt_ = re.compile(_tc_ + 'sqrt>', re.I) #just to give an example of extending
_endsqrt_ = re.compile(_tc_ + '/sqrt>', re.I) #html syntax with your own elements.
_tcre_ = re.compile(_tc_)
def sanitize(text):
text = _lt_.sub(_tc_, text)
text = markdown(text)
text = _ok_.sub(r'<\1>', text)
text = _sqrt_.sub(r'√<span style="text-decoration:overline;">', text)
text = _endsqrt_.sub(r'</span>', text)
return _tcre_.sub('<', text)
我还没有测试过那段代码,所以可能会有漏洞。但是你可以看到大致思路:在允许的内容之前,需要先将所有HTML标签列入黑名单。
import re
from markdown import markdown
如果您没有安装markdown,可以尝试使用easy_install进行安装。 - Luke Stanley这是我在自己的项目中使用的内容。可接受的元素/属性来自于feedparser,而BeautifulSoup则完成了工作。
from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup
acceptable_elements = ['a', 'abbr', 'acronym', 'address', 'area', 'b', 'big',
'blockquote', 'br', 'button', 'caption', 'center', 'cite', 'code', 'col',
'colgroup', 'dd', 'del', 'dfn', 'dir', 'div', 'dl', 'dt', 'em',
'font', 'h1', 'h2', 'h3', 'h4', 'h5', 'h6', 'hr', 'i', 'img',
'ins', 'kbd', 'label', 'legend', 'li', 'map', 'menu', 'ol',
'p', 'pre', 'q', 's', 'samp', 'small', 'span', 'strike',
'strong', 'sub', 'sup', 'table', 'tbody', 'td', 'tfoot', 'th',
'thead', 'tr', 'tt', 'u', 'ul', 'var']
acceptable_attributes = ['abbr', 'accept', 'accept-charset', 'accesskey',
'action', 'align', 'alt', 'axis', 'border', 'cellpadding', 'cellspacing',
'char', 'charoff', 'charset', 'checked', 'cite', 'clear', 'cols',
'colspan', 'color', 'compact', 'coords', 'datetime', 'dir',
'enctype', 'for', 'headers', 'height', 'href', 'hreflang', 'hspace',
'id', 'ismap', 'label', 'lang', 'longdesc', 'maxlength', 'method',
'multiple', 'name', 'nohref', 'noshade', 'nowrap', 'prompt',
'rel', 'rev', 'rows', 'rowspan', 'rules', 'scope', 'shape', 'size',
'span', 'src', 'start', 'summary', 'tabindex', 'target', 'title', 'type',
'usemap', 'valign', 'value', 'vspace', 'width']
def clean_html( fragment ):
while True:
soup = BeautifulSoup( fragment )
removed = False
for tag in soup.findAll(True): # find all tags
if tag.name not in acceptable_elements:
tag.extract() # remove the bad ones
removed = True
else: # it might have bad attributes
# a better way to get all attributes?
for attr in tag._getAttrMap().keys():
if attr not in acceptable_attributes:
del tag[attr]
# turn it back to html
fragment = unicode(soup)
if removed:
# we removed tags and tricky can could exploit that!
# we need to reparse the html until it stops changing
continue # next round
return fragment
一些小测试,以确保它的行为正确:
tests = [ #text should work
('<p>this is text</p>but this too', '<p>this is text</p>but this too'),
# make sure we cant exploit removal of tags
('<<script></script>script> alert("Haha, I hacked your page."); <<script></script>/script>', ''),
# try the same trick with attributes, gives an Exception
('<div on<script></script>load="alert("Haha, I hacked your page.");">1</div>', Exception),
# no tags should be skipped
('<script>bad</script><script>bad</script><script>bad</script>', ''),
# leave valid tags but remove bad attributes
('<a href="good" onload="bad" onclick="bad" alt="good">1</div>', '<a href="good" alt="good">1</a>'),
]
for text, out in tests:
try:
res = clean_html(text)
assert res == out, "%s => %s != %s" % (text, res, out)
except out, e:
assert isinstance(e, out), "Wrong exception %r" % e
<<script></script>script> alert("哈哈,我黑进了你的页面。"); <<script></script>script>
- Thomastag.extract()
修改了正在迭代的列表。这使循环混乱,并导致它跳过下一个子项。 - ThomasBleach提供了更多实用的选项,它基于html5lib构建,可用于生产环境。请查看文档中的bleach.clean
函数。默认配置会转义不安全的标签,如<script>
,同时允许使用有用的标签,比如<a>
。
import bleach
bleach.clean("<script>evil</script> <a href='http://example.com'>example</a>")
# '<script>evil</script> <a href="http://example.com">example</a>'
data:
url。 - Antti Haapala -- Слава Україні我使用BeautifulSoup修改了Bryan的解决方案,以解决Chris Drost提出的问题。有点粗糙,但起到了作用:
from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup, Comment
VALID_TAGS = {'strong': [],
'em': [],
'p': [],
'ol': [],
'ul': [],
'li': [],
'br': [],
'a': ['href', 'title']
}
def sanitize_html(value, valid_tags=VALID_TAGS):
soup = BeautifulSoup(value)
comments = soup.findAll(text=lambda text:isinstance(text, Comment))
[comment.extract() for comment in comments]
# Some markup can be crafted to slip through BeautifulSoup's parser, so
# we run this repeatedly until it generates the same output twice.
newoutput = soup.renderContents()
while 1:
oldoutput = newoutput
soup = BeautifulSoup(newoutput)
for tag in soup.findAll(True):
if tag.name not in valid_tags:
tag.hidden = True
else:
tag.attrs = [(attr, value) for attr, value in tag.attrs if attr in valid_tags[tag.name]]
newoutput = soup.renderContents()
if oldoutput == newoutput:
break
return newoutput
编辑:已更新以支持有效属性。
tag.attrs = [(attr, value) for attr, value in tag.attrs if attr in valid_tags[tag.name]]
-- 这里的 tag.attrs 是一个字典,所以应该改为 tag.attrs = {attr: value for attr, value in tag.attrs.items() if attr in valid_tags[tag.name]}
,使用 bs4。 - Wee我使用FilterHTML。它简单易用,可以定义一个良好控制的白名单,清除URL,甚至可以与正则表达式匹配属性值或每个属性都有自定义过滤函数。如果小心使用,它可以是一个安全的解决方案。以下是自读文件中的简化示例:
import FilterHTML
# only allow:
# <a> tags with valid href URLs
# <img> tags with valid src URLs and measurements
whitelist = {
'a': {
'href': 'url',
'target': [
'_blank',
'_self'
],
'class': [
'button'
]
},
'img': {
'src': 'url',
'width': 'measurement',
'height': 'measurement'
},
}
filtered_html = FilterHTML.filter_html(unfiltered_html, whitelist)
import html5lib
from html5lib import sanitizer, treebuilders, treewalkers, serializer
def clean_html(buf):
"""Cleans HTML of dangerous tags and content."""
buf = buf.strip()
if not buf:
return buf
p = html5lib.HTMLParser(tree=treebuilders.getTreeBuilder("dom"),
tokenizer=sanitizer.HTMLSanitizer)
dom_tree = p.parseFragment(buf)
walker = treewalkers.getTreeWalker("dom")
stream = walker(dom_tree)
s = serializer.htmlserializer.HTMLSerializer(
omit_optional_tags=False,
quote_attr_values=True)
return s.render(stream)
sanitizer_factory
存在?你应该直接传递 HTMLSanitizer
。 - Chris Morganlxml.html.clean
解决方案,就像nosklo 指出的那样。还可以删除一些空标签:from lxml import etree
from lxml.html import clean, fromstring, tostring
remove_attrs = ['class']
remove_tags = ['table', 'tr', 'td']
nonempty_tags = ['a', 'p', 'span', 'div']
cleaner = clean.Cleaner(remove_tags=remove_tags)
def squeaky_clean(html):
clean_html = cleaner.clean_html(html)
# now remove the useless empty tags
root = fromstring(clean_html)
context = etree.iterwalk(root) # just the end tag event
for action, elem in context:
clean_text = elem.text and elem.text.strip(' \t\r\n')
if elem.tag in nonempty_tags and \
not (len(elem) or clean_text): # no children nor text
elem.getparent().remove(elem)
continue
elem.text = clean_text # if you want
# and if you also wanna remove some attrs:
for badattr in remove_attrs:
if elem.attrib.has_key(badattr):
del elem.attrib[badattr]
return tostring(root)
br
标签。 - ducu