假设每行有100个字符,那么将一行解析为多个组件的有效方法是什么?
我可以对每行使用字符串切片,但如果行很长,这样做会有点丑陋。是否还有其他快速的方法?
使用Python标准库的struct
模块也很容易而且速度相当快,因为它是用C编写的。以下代码展示了如何使用它。此外,通过指定字段中字符数的负值,还可以跳过字符列。
import struct
fieldwidths = (2, -10, 24)
fmtstring = ' '.join('{}{}'.format(abs(fw), 'x' if fw < 0 else 's') for fw in fieldwidths)
# Convert Unicode input to bytes and the result back to Unicode string.
unpack = struct.Struct(fmtstring).unpack_from # Alias.
parse = lambda line: tuple(s.decode() for s in unpack(line.encode()))
print('fmtstring: {!r}, record size: {} chars'.format(fmtstring, struct.calcsize(fmtstring)))
line = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789\n'
fields = parse(line)
print('fields: {}'.format(fields))
输出:
fmtstring: '2s 10x 24s', recsize: 36 chars
fields: ('AB', 'MNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789')
以下是使用字符串切片的一种方法,正如你所考虑的那样,但你担心它可能会变得太丑陋。它确实有些复杂,速度方面与基于struct
模块的版本大致相同——尽管我有一个想法可以加快速度(这可能使额外的复杂性变得值得)。请参见下面关于该主题的更新。
from itertools import zip_longest
from itertools import accumulate
def make_parser(fieldwidths):
cuts = tuple(cut for cut in accumulate(abs(fw) for fw in fieldwidths))
pads = tuple(fw < 0 for fw in fieldwidths) # bool values for padding fields
flds = tuple(zip_longest(pads, (0,)+cuts, cuts))[:-1] # ignore final one
parse = lambda line: tuple(line[i:j] for pad, i, j in flds if not pad)
# Optional informational function attributes.
parse.size = sum(abs(fw) for fw in fieldwidths)
parse.fmtstring = ' '.join('{}{}'.format(abs(fw), 'x' if fw < 0 else 's')
for fw in fieldwidths)
return parse
line = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789\n'
fieldwidths = (2, -10, 24) # negative widths represent ignored padding fields
parse = make_parser(fieldwidths)
fields = parse(line)
print('format: {!r}, rec size: {} chars'.format(parse.fmtstring, parse.size))
print('fields: {}'.format(fields))
输出:
format: '2s 10x 24s', rec size: 36 chars
fields: ('AB', 'MNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789')
正如我所怀疑的,有一种方法可以使使用字符串切片的版本的代码更快 - 在Python 2.7中,它使其与使用struct
版本的速度大致相同,但在Python 3.x中使其加快了233%(以及未经优化版本本身,其速度与struct
版本大致相同)。
上面展示的版本所做的是定义一个lambda函数,主要是一个生成多个运行时切片限制的推导式。
parse = lambda line: tuple(line[i:j] for pad, i, j in flds if not pad)
根据 for
循环中 i
和 j
的值,等价于以下语句之一:
如果符合条件,则为以下形式:
parse = lambda line: tuple(line[0:2], line[12:36], line[36:51], ...)
然而,由于切片边界都是常量,后者的执行速度比前者快了两倍以上。
幸运的是,使用内置的eval()
函数将前者转换和“编译”成后者相对容易:
def make_parser(fieldwidths):
cuts = tuple(cut for cut in accumulate(abs(fw) for fw in fieldwidths))
pads = tuple(fw < 0 for fw in fieldwidths) # bool flags for padding fields
flds = tuple(zip_longest(pads, (0,)+cuts, cuts))[:-1] # ignore final one
slcs = ', '.join('line[{}:{}]'.format(i, j) for pad, i, j in flds if not pad)
parse = eval('lambda line: ({})\n'.format(slcs)) # Create and compile source code.
# Optional informational function attributes.
parse.size = sum(abs(fw) for fw in fieldwidths)
parse.fmtstring = ' '.join('{}{}'.format(abs(fw), 'x' if fw < 0 else 's')
for fw in fieldwidths)
return parse
我不确定这是否高效,但它应该易于阅读(而不是手动切片)。我定义了一个名为slices
的函数,用于获取一个字符串和列长度,并返回子串。我将其设置为生成器,因此对于非常长的行,它不会构建子串的临时列表。
def slices(s, *args):
position = 0
for length in args:
yield s[position:position + length]
position += length
例子
In [32]: list(slices('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789', 2))
Out[32]: ['ab']
In [33]: list(slices('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789', 2, 10, 50))
Out[33]: ['ab', 'cdefghijkl', 'mnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789']
In [51]: d,c,h = slices('dogcathouse', 3, 3, 5)
In [52]: d,c,h
Out[52]: ('dog', 'cat', 'house')
但是,我认为如果需要一次性获取所有列,则生成器的优势将会失去。其中一个好处是当您想逐个处理列时可以受益,例如在循环中。
有两个比已经提到的解决方案更简单和更美观的选项:
第一个选项是使用pandas:
import pandas as pd
path = 'filename.txt'
#inferred - as suggested in the comments by James Paul Mason
data = pd.read_fwf(path, colspecs='infer')
# Or using Pandas with a column specification
col_specification = [(0, 20), (21, 30), (31, 50), (51, 100)]
data = pd.read_fwf(path, colspecs=col_specification)
第二种选项使用numpy.loadtxt:
import numpy as np
# Using NumPy and letting it figure it out automagically
data_also = np.loadtxt(path)
这真的取决于你希望以什么方式使用你的数据。
colspecs='infer'
,Pandas可以自动检测。https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/generated/pandas.read_fwf.html - James Paul Mason以下代码提供了一个概述,如果你需要处理一些严格的固定列宽文件,你可能会想要做些什么。
"严格" = 多个记录类型在多个文件类型中,每个记录最多1000字节,布局定义者和"对抗"生产者/消费者是一个带有态度的政府部门,布局更改导致未使用的列,一个文件中最多有一百万条记录...
特征:预编译结构格式。忽略不想要的列。将输入字符串转换为所需的数据类型(草图省略了错误处理)。将记录转换为对象实例(或字典、命名元组,如果你喜欢)。
代码:
import struct, datetime, io, pprint
# functions for converting input fields to usable data
cnv_text = rstrip
cnv_int = int
cnv_date_dmy = lambda s: datetime.datetime.strptime(s, "%d%m%Y") # ddmmyyyy
# etc
# field specs (field name, start pos (1-relative), len, converter func)
fieldspecs = [
('surname', 11, 20, cnv_text),
('given_names', 31, 20, cnv_text),
('birth_date', 51, 8, cnv_date_dmy),
('start_date', 71, 8, cnv_date_dmy),
]
fieldspecs.sort(key=lambda x: x[1]) # just in case
# build the format for struct.unpack
unpack_len = 0
unpack_fmt = ""
for fieldspec in fieldspecs:
start = fieldspec[1] - 1
end = start + fieldspec[2]
if start > unpack_len:
unpack_fmt += str(start - unpack_len) + "x"
unpack_fmt += str(end - start) + "s"
unpack_len = end
field_indices = range(len(fieldspecs))
print unpack_len, unpack_fmt
unpacker = struct.Struct(unpack_fmt).unpack_from
class Record(object):
pass
# or use named tuples
raw_data = """\
....v....1....v....2....v....3....v....4....v....5....v....6....v....7....v....8
Featherstonehaugh Algernon Marmaduke 31121969 01012005XX
"""
f = cStringIO.StringIO(raw_data)
headings = f.next()
for line in f:
# The guts of this loop would of course be hidden away in a function/method
# and could be made less ugly
raw_fields = unpacker(line)
r = Record()
for x in field_indices:
setattr(r, fieldspecs[x][0], fieldspecs[x][3](raw_fields[x]))
pprint.pprint(r.__dict__)
print "Customer name:", r.given_names, r.surname
输出:
78 10x20s20s8s12x8s
{'birth_date': datetime.datetime(1969, 12, 31, 0, 0),
'given_names': 'Algernon Marmaduke',
'start_date': datetime.datetime(2005, 1, 1, 0, 0),
'surname': 'Featherstonehaugh'}
Customer name: Algernon Marmaduke Featherstonehaugh
struct.error: unpack_from需要至少1157字节的缓冲区
。 - chris__allen> str = '1234567890'
> w = [0,2,5,7,10]
> [ str[ w[i-1] : w[i] ] for i in range(1,len(w)) ]
['12', '345', '67', '890']
# fixed length
# '---------- ------- ----------- -----------'
line = '20.06.2019 myname active mydevice '
SLICES = {'date_start': 0,
'date_end': 10,
'name_start': 11,
'name_end': 18,
'status_start': 19,
'status_end': 30,
'device_start': 31,
'device_end': 42}
def get_values_as_dict(line, SLICES):
values = {}
key_list = {key.split("_")[0] for key in SLICES.keys()}
for key in key_list:
values[key] = line[SLICES[key+"_start"]:SLICES[key+"_end"]].strip()
return values
>>> print (get_values_as_dict(line,SLICES))
{'status': 'active', 'name': 'myname', 'date': '20.06.2019', 'device': 'mydevice'}
。
import numpy as np
DELIMITER = (20, 10, 10, 20, 10, 10, 20)
idx = np.cumsum([0] + list(DELIMITER))
slices = [slice(i, j) for (i, j) in zip(idx[:-1], idx[1:])]
def parse(line):
return [line[s] for s in slices]
它不处理负数分隔符以忽略列,因此它不像struct
那样灵活,但速度更快。
"""
fixedwidth
Parse and iterate through a fixedwidth text file, returning record objects.
Adapted from https://dev59.com/aW445IYBdhLWcg3wWI2L#4916375
USAGE
import fixedwidth, pprint
# define the fixed width fields we want
# fieldspecs is a list of [name, description, start, width, type] arrays.
fieldspecs = [
["FILEID", "File Identification", 1, 6, "A/N"],
["STUSAB", "State/U.S. Abbreviation (USPS)", 7, 2, "A"],
["SUMLEV", "Summary Level", 9, 3, "A/N"],
["LOGRECNO", "Logical Record Number", 19, 7, "N"],
["POP100", "Population Count (100%)", 30, 9, "N"],
]
# define the fieldtype conversion functions
fieldtype_fns = {
'A': str.rstrip,
'A/N': str.rstrip,
'N': int,
}
# iterate over record objects in the file
with open(f, 'rb'):
for record in fixedwidth.reader(f, fieldspecs, fieldtype_fns):
pprint.pprint(record.__dict__)
# output:
{'FILEID': 'SF1ST', 'LOGRECNO': 2, 'POP100': 1, 'STUSAB': 'TX', 'SUMLEV': '040'}
{'FILEID': 'SF1ST', 'LOGRECNO': 3, 'POP100': 2, 'STUSAB': 'TX', 'SUMLEV': '040'}
...
"""
import struct, io
# fieldspec columns
iName, iDescription, iStart, iWidth, iType = range(5)
def get_struct_unpacker(fieldspecs):
"""
Build the format string for struct.unpack to use, based on the fieldspecs.
fieldspecs is a list of [name, description, start, width, type] arrays.
Returns a string like "6s2s3s7x7s4x9s".
"""
unpack_len = 0
unpack_fmt = ""
for fieldspec in fieldspecs:
start = fieldspec[iStart] - 1
end = start + fieldspec[iWidth]
if start > unpack_len:
unpack_fmt += str(start - unpack_len) + "x"
unpack_fmt += str(end - start) + "s"
unpack_len = end
struct_unpacker = struct.Struct(unpack_fmt).unpack_from
return struct_unpacker
class Record(object):
pass
# or use named tuples
def reader(f, fieldspecs, fieldtype_fns):
"""
Wrap a fixedwidth file and return records according to the given fieldspecs.
fieldspecs is a list of [name, description, start, width, type] arrays.
fieldtype_fns is a dictionary of functions used to transform the raw string values,
one for each type.
"""
# make sure fieldspecs are sorted properly
fieldspecs.sort(key=lambda fieldspec: fieldspec[iStart])
struct_unpacker = get_struct_unpacker(fieldspecs)
field_indices = range(len(fieldspecs))
for line in f:
raw_fields = struct_unpacker(line) # split line into field values
record = Record()
for i in field_indices:
fieldspec = fieldspecs[i]
fieldname = fieldspec[iName]
s = raw_fields[i].decode() # convert raw bytes to a string
fn = fieldtype_fns[fieldspec[iType]] # get conversion function
value = fn(s) # convert string to value (eg to an int)
setattr(record, fieldname, value)
yield record
if __name__=='__main__':
# test module
import pprint, io
# define the fields we want
# fieldspecs are [name, description, start, width, type]
fieldspecs = [
["FILEID", "File Identification", 1, 6, "A/N"],
["STUSAB", "State/U.S. Abbreviation (USPS)", 7, 2, "A"],
["SUMLEV", "Summary Level", 9, 3, "A/N"],
["LOGRECNO", "Logical Record Number", 19, 7, "N"],
["POP100", "Population Count (100%)", 30, 9, "N"],
]
# define a conversion function for integers
def to_int(s):
"""
Convert a numeric string to an integer.
Allows a leading ! as an indicator of missing or uncertain data.
Returns None if no data.
"""
try:
return int(s)
except:
try:
return int(s[1:]) # ignore a leading !
except:
return None # assume has a leading ! and no value
# define the conversion fns
fieldtype_fns = {
'A': str.rstrip,
'A/N': str.rstrip,
'N': to_int,
# 'N': int,
# 'D': lambda s: datetime.datetime.strptime(s, "%d%m%Y"), # ddmmyyyy
# etc
}
# define a fixedwidth sample
sample = """\
SF1ST TX04089000 00000023748 1
SF1ST TX04090000 00000033748! 2
SF1ST TX04091000 00000043748!
"""
sample_data = sample.encode() # convert string to bytes
file_like = io.BytesIO(sample_data) # create a file-like wrapper around bytes
# iterate over record objects in the file
for record in reader(file_like, fieldspecs, fieldtype_fns):
# print(record)
pprint.pprint(record.__dict__)
slice(bytes)
比slice(string)
更快在处理大文件时,我们经常使用with open ( file, "rb") as f:
。
该方法遍历上述文件之一,大约需要2.4秒。
我认为适当的处理程序可以处理100万行数据,将每行分成20个字段,并且需要少于2.4秒。
我只发现stuct
和itemgetter
符合要求
附注:为了正常显示,我将unicode str转换为bytes。如果您处于双字节环境中,则不需要执行此操作。
from itertools import accumulate
from operator import itemgetter
def oprt_parser(sArgs):
sum_arg = tuple(accumulate(abs(i) for i in sArgs))
# Negative parameter field index
cuts = tuple(i for i,num in enumerate(sArgs) if num < 0)
# Get slice args and Ignore fields of negative length
ig_Args = tuple(item for i, item in enumerate(zip((0,)+sum_arg,sum_arg)) if i not in cuts)
# Generate `operator.itemgetter` object
oprtObj =itemgetter(*[slice(s,e) for s,e in ig_Args])
return oprtObj
lineb = b'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\xb0\xa1\xb2\xbb\xb4\xd3\xb5\xc4\xb6\xee\xb7\xa2\xb8\xf6\xba\xcd0123456789'
line = lineb.decode("GBK")
# Unicode Fixed Width
fieldwidthsU = (13, -13, 4, -4, 5,-5) # Negative width fields is ignored
# ASCII Fixed Width
fieldwidths = (13, -13, 8, -8, 5,-5) # Negative width fields is ignored
# Unicode FixedWidth processing
parse = oprt_parser(fieldwidthsU)
fields = parse(line)
print('Unicode FixedWidth','fields: {}'.format(tuple(map(lambda s: s.encode("GBK"), fields))))
# ASCII FixedWidth processing
parse = oprt_parser(fieldwidths)
fields = parse(lineb)
print('ASCII FixedWidth','fields: {}'.format(fields))
line = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789\n'
fieldwidths = (2, -10, 24)
parse = oprt_parser(fieldwidths)
fields = parse(line)
print(f"fields: {fields}")
输出:
Unicode FixedWidth fields: (b'abcdefghijklm', b'\xb0\xa1\xb2\xbb\xb4\xd3\xb5\xc4', b'01234')
ASCII FixedWidth fields: (b'abcdefghijklm', b'\xb0\xa1\xb2\xbb\xb4\xd3\xb5\xc4', b'01234')
fields: ('AB', 'MNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789')
oprt_parser
是 4 倍的 make_parser
(列表推导式 + 切片)
re
方法的效率似乎增长得更快。import timeit
import time
import re
from itertools import accumulate
from operator import itemgetter
def eff2(stmt,onlyNum= False,showResult=False):
'''test function'''
if onlyNum:
rl = timeit.repeat(stmt=stmt,repeat=roundI,number=timesI,globals=globals())
avg = sum(rl) / len(rl)
return f"{avg * (10 ** 6)/timesI:0.4f}"
else:
rl = timeit.repeat(stmt=stmt,repeat=10,number=1000,globals=globals())
avg = sum(rl) / len(rl)
print(f"【{stmt}】")
print(f"\tquick avg = {avg * (10 ** 6)/1000:0.4f} s/million")
if showResult:
print(f"\t Result = {eval(stmt)}\n\t timelist = {rl}\n")
else:
print("")
def upDouble(argList,argRate):
return [c*argRate for c in argList]
tbStr = "000000001111000002222真2233333333000000004444444QAZ55555555000000006666666ABC这些事中文字abcdefghijk"
tbBytes = tbStr.encode("GBK")
a20 = (4,4,2,2,2,3,2,2, 2 ,2,8,8,7,3,8,8,7,3, 12 ,11)
a20U = (4,4,2,2,2,3,2,2, 1 ,2,8,8,7,3,8,8,7,3, 6 ,11)
Slng = 800
rateS = Slng // 100
tStr = "".join(upDouble(tbStr , rateS))
tBytes = tStr.encode("GBK")
spltArgs = upDouble( a20 , rateS)
spltArgsU = upDouble( a20U , rateS)
testList = []
timesI = 100000
roundI = 5
print(f"test round = {roundI} timesI = {timesI} sourceLng = {len(tStr)} argFieldCount = {len(spltArgs)}")
print(f"pure str \n{''.ljust(60,'-')}")
# ==========================================
def str_parser(sArgs):
def prsr(oStr):
r = []
r_ap = r.append
stt=0
for lng in sArgs:
end = stt + lng
r_ap(oStr[stt:end])
stt = end
return tuple(r)
return prsr
Str_P = str_parser(spltArgsU)
# eff2("Str_P(tStr)")
testList.append("Str_P(tStr)")
print(f"pure bytes \n{''.ljust(60,'-')}")
# ==========================================
def byte_parser(sArgs):
def prsr(oBytes):
r, stt = [], 0
r_ap = r.append
for lng in sArgs:
end = stt + lng
r_ap(oBytes[stt:end])
stt = end
return r
return prsr
Byte_P = byte_parser(spltArgs)
# eff2("Byte_P(tBytes)")
testList.append("Byte_P(tBytes)")
# re,bytes
print(f"re compile object \n{''.ljust(60,'-')}")
# ==========================================
def rebc_parser(sArgs,otype="b"):
re_Args = "".join([f"(.{{{n}}})" for n in sArgs])
if otype == "b":
rebc_Args = re.compile(re_Args.encode("GBK"))
else:
rebc_Args = re.compile(re_Args)
def prsr(oBS):
return rebc_Args.match(oBS).groups()
return prsr
Rebc_P = rebc_parser(spltArgs)
# eff2("Rebc_P(tBytes)")
testList.append("Rebc_P(tBytes)")
Rebc_Ps = rebc_parser(spltArgsU,"s")
# eff2("Rebc_Ps(tStr)")
testList.append("Rebc_Ps(tStr)")
print(f"struct \n{''.ljust(60,'-')}")
# ==========================================
import struct
def struct_parser(sArgs):
struct_Args = " ".join(map(lambda x: str(x) + "s", sArgs))
def prsr(oBytes):
return struct.unpack(struct_Args, oBytes)
return prsr
Struct_P = struct_parser(spltArgs)
# eff2("Struct_P(tBytes)")
testList.append("Struct_P(tBytes)")
print(f"List Comprehensions + slice \n{''.ljust(60,'-')}")
# ==========================================
import itertools
def slice_parser(sArgs):
tl = tuple(itertools.accumulate(sArgs))
slice_Args = tuple(zip((0,)+tl,tl))
def prsr(oBytes):
return [oBytes[s:e] for s, e in slice_Args]
return prsr
Slice_P = slice_parser(spltArgs)
# eff2("Slice_P(tBytes)")
testList.append("Slice_P(tBytes)")
def sliceObj_parser(sArgs):
tl = tuple(itertools.accumulate(sArgs))
tl2 = tuple(zip((0,)+tl,tl))
sliceObj_Args = tuple(slice(s,e) for s,e in tl2)
def prsr(oBytes):
return [oBytes[so] for so in sliceObj_Args]
return prsr
SliceObj_P = sliceObj_parser(spltArgs)
# eff2("SliceObj_P(tBytes)")
testList.append("SliceObj_P(tBytes)")
SliceObj_Ps = sliceObj_parser(spltArgsU)
# eff2("SliceObj_Ps(tStr)")
testList.append("SliceObj_Ps(tStr)")
print(f"operator.itemgetter + slice object \n{''.ljust(60,'-')}")
# ==========================================
def oprt_parser(sArgs):
sum_arg = tuple(accumulate(abs(i) for i in sArgs))
cuts = tuple(i for i,num in enumerate(sArgs) if num < 0)
ig_Args = tuple(item for i,item in enumerate(zip((0,)+sum_arg,sum_arg)) if i not in cuts)
oprtObj =itemgetter(*[slice(s,e) for s,e in ig_Args])
return oprtObj
Oprt_P = oprt_parser(spltArgs)
# eff2("Oprt_P(tBytes)")
testList.append("Oprt_P(tBytes)")
Oprt_Ps = oprt_parser(spltArgsU)
# eff2("Oprt_Ps(tStr)")
testList.append("Oprt_Ps(tStr)")
print("|".join([s.split("(")[0].center(11," ") for s in testList]))
print("|".join(["".center(11,"-") for s in testList]))
print("|".join([eff2(s,True).rjust(11," ") for s in testList]))
输出:
Test round = 5 timesI = 100000 sourceLng = 744 argFieldCount = 20
...
...
Str_P | Byte_P | Rebc_P | Rebc_Ps | Struct_P | Slice_P | SliceObj_P|SliceObj_Ps| Oprt_P | Oprt_Ps
-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-- ---------|-----------|-----------|-----------|---- -------|-----------
9.6315| 7.5952| 4.4187| 5.6867| 1.5123| 5.2915| 4.2673| 5.7121| 2.4713| 3.9051
字符串切片并不需要很丑陋,只要你保持有序。考虑将字段宽度存储在字典中,然后使用相关的名称来创建一个对象:
from collections import OrderedDict
class Entry:
def __init__(self, line):
name2width = OrderedDict()
name2width['foo'] = 2
name2width['bar'] = 3
name2width['baz'] = 2
pos = 0
for name, width in name2width.items():
val = line[pos : pos + width]
if len(val) != width:
raise ValueError("not enough characters: \'{}\'".format(line))
setattr(self, name, val)
pos += width
file = "ab789yz\ncd987wx\nef555uv"
entry = []
for line in file.split('\n'):
entry.append(Entry(line))
print(entry[1].bar) # output: 987
struct.unpack
似乎只能处理二进制数据。我无法让它运作。 - Reiner Gerecke