在IT技术中，我通常会把静态函数定义和声明放在源文件中，也就是.c文件中。
然而，在极少数情况下，我看到有人将其声明在头文件中。由于静态函数具有内部链接性，我们需要在每个包含声明该函数的头文件的文件中定义它。这看起来很奇怪，并且与我们通常声明静态内容的想法相去甚远。
另一方面，如果有人尝试使用未定义的函数，编译器将会报错。因此，在某种意义上，即使听起来很奇怪，这样做并不是真正的不安全。
我的问题是：
首先，我想澄清一下我对您所描述情况的理解：头文件只包含一个静态函数声明，而C文件包含函数的定义，即函数的源代码。例如：
some.h：
static void f();
// potentially more declarations
some.c:
一些.c文件：#include "some.h"
static void f() { printf("Hello world\n"); }
// more code, some of it potentially using f()
If the header file completely implements an interface that should only be visible in the current compilation unit
This is extremely rare, but might be useful in e.g. an educational context, at some point during the development of some example library; or perhaps when interfacing to another programming language with minimal code.
A developer might choose to do so if the library or interaface implementation is trivial and nearly so, and ease of use (to the developer using the header file) is more important than code size. In these cases, the declarations in the header file often use preprocessor macros, allowing the same header file to be included more than once, providing some sort of crude polymorphism in C.
Here is a practical example: Shoot-yourself-in-the-foot playground for linear congruential pseudorandom number generators. Because the implementation is local to the compilation unit, each compilation unit will get their own copies of the PRNG. This example also shows how crude polymorphism can be implemented in C.
prng32.h:
#if defined(PRNG_NAME) && defined(PRNG_MULTIPLIER) && defined(PRNG_CONSTANT) && defined(PRNG_MODULUS)
#define MERGE3_(a,b,c) a ## b ## c
#define MERGE3(a,b,c) MERGE3_(a,b,c)
#define NAME(name) MERGE3(PRNG_NAME, _, name)
static uint32_t NAME(state) = 0U;
static uint32_t NAME(next)(void)
{
NAME(state) = ((uint64_t)PRNG_MULTIPLIER * (uint64_t)NAME(state) + (uint64_t)PRNG_CONSTANT) % (uint64_t)PRNG_MODULUS;
return NAME(state);
}
#undef NAME
#undef MERGE3
#endif
#undef PRNG_NAME
#undef PRNG_MULTIPLIER
#undef PRNG_CONSTANT
#undef PRNG_MODULUS
An example using the above, example-prng32.h:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#define PRNG_NAME glibc
#define PRNG_MULTIPLIER 1103515245UL
#define PRNG_CONSTANT 12345UL
#define PRNG_MODULUS 2147483647UL
#include "prng32.h"
/* provides glibc_state and glibc_next() */
#define PRNG_NAME borland
#define PRNG_MULTIPLIER 22695477UL
#define PRNG_CONSTANT 1UL
#define PRNG_MODULUS 2147483647UL
#include "prng32.h"
/* provides borland_state and borland_next() */
int main(void)
{
int i;
glibc_state = 1U;
printf("glibc lcg: Seed %u\n", (unsigned int)glibc_state);
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
printf("%u, ", (unsigned int)glibc_next());
printf("%u\n", (unsigned int)glibc_next());
borland_state = 1U;
printf("Borland lcg: Seed %u\n", (unsigned int)borland_state);
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
printf("%u, ", (unsigned int)borland_next());
printf("%u\n", (unsigned int)borland_next());
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
The reason for marking both the _state variable and the _next() function static is that this way each compilation unit that includes the header file has their own copy of the variables and the functions -- here, their own copy of the PRNG. Each must be separately seeded, of course; and if seeded to the same value, will yield the same sequence.
One should generally shy away from such polymorphism attempts in C, because it leads to complicated preprocessor macro shenanigans, making the implementation much harder to understand, maintain, and modify than necessary.
However, when exploring the parameter space of some algorithm -- like here, the types of 32-bit linear congruential generators, this lets us use a single implementation for each of the generators we examine, ensuring there are no implementation differences between them. Note that even this case is more like a development tool, and not something you ought to see in a implementation provided for others to use.
If the header implements simple static inline accessor functions
Preprocessor macros are commonly used to simplify code accessing complicated structure types. static inline functions are similar, except that they also provide type checking at compile time, and can refer to their parameters several times (with macros, that is problematic).
One practical use case is a simple interface for reading files using low-level POSIX.1 I/O (using <unistd.h> and <fcntl.h> instead of <stdio.h>). I've done this myself when reading very large (dozens of megabytes to gigabytes range) text files containing real numbers (with a custom float/double parser), as the GNU C standard I/O is not particularly fast.
For example, inbuffer.h:
#ifndef INBUFFER_H
#define INBUFFER_H
typedef struct {
unsigned char *head; /* Next buffered byte */
unsigned char *tail; /* Next byte to be buffered */
unsigned char *ends; /* data + size */
unsigned char *data;
size_t size;
int descriptor;
unsigned int status; /* Bit mask */
} inbuffer;
#define INBUFFER_INIT { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, -1, 0 }
int inbuffer_open(inbuffer *, const char *);
int inbuffer_close(inbuffer *);
int inbuffer_skip_slow(inbuffer *, const size_t);
int inbuffer_getc_slow(inbuffer *);
static inline int inbuffer_skip(inbuffer *ib, const size_t n)
{
if (ib->head + n <= ib->tail) {
ib->head += n;
return 0;
} else
return inbuffer_skip_slow(ib, n);
}
static inline int inbuffer_getc(inbuffer *ib)
{
if (ib->head < ib->tail)
return *(ib->head++);
else
return inbuffer_getc_slow(ib);
}
#endif /* INBUFFER_H */
Note that the above inbuffer_skip() and inbuffer_getc() do not check if ib is non-NULL; this is typical for such functions. These accessor functions are assumed to be "in the fast path", i.e. called very often. In such cases, even the function call overhead matters (and is avoided with static inline functions, since they are duplicated in the code at the call site).
Trivial accessor functions, like the above inbuffer_skip() and inbuffer_getc(), may also let the compiler avoid the register moves involved in function calls, because functions expect their parameters to be located in specific registers or on the stack, whereas inlined functions can be adapted (wrt. register use) to the code surrounding the inlined function.
Personally, I do recommend writing a couple of test programs using the non-inlined functions first, and compare the performance and results to the inlined versions. Comparing the results ensure the inlined versions do not have bugs (off by one type is common here!), and comparing the performance and generated binaries (size, at least) tells you whether inlining is worth it in general.
static int x;称为全局变量。 - M.M
static inline函数被用作结构体数据类型的访问器函数，作为预处理宏的（更好的）替代品。与宏不同，静态内联函数提供了编译时类型检查，并且可以多次引用其参数（这在预处理宏中是有问题的）。 - Nominal Animal