如何在Windows上使用Python确定文件所有者而不使用pywin32

Question

我正在编写一个脚本，需要确定Windows上文件所有者的用户名。

虽然我找到了使用pywin32的解决方案，但我不愿意使用它，因为我不想增加模块依赖。

该脚本将用于Python 2.6，并且必须在32位和64位平台上运行。

我想知道是否有其他方法，可能使用ctypes，来确定此信息。

- circus

Answer 1

以下使用ctypes调用GetNamedSecurityInfo。最初，它遵循了在问题中链接的代码片段，但是GetNamedSecurityInfo通常比GetFileSecurity更有用，特别是因为它与SetNamedSecurityInfo配对，取代了已过时的函数SetFileSecurity。

ctypes和类

import ctypes as ctypes
from ctypes import wintypes as wintypes

kernel32 = ctypes.WinDLL('kernel32', use_last_error=True)
advapi32 = ctypes.WinDLL('advapi32', use_last_error=True)

ERROR_INVALID_FUNCTION  = 0x0001
ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND    = 0x0002
ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND    = 0x0003
ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED     = 0x0005
ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION = 0x0020

SE_FILE_OBJECT = 1
OWNER_SECURITY_INFORMATION = 0x00000001
GROUP_SECURITY_INFORMATION = 0x00000002
DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION  = 0x00000004
SACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION  = 0x00000008
LABEL_SECURITY_INFORMATION = 0x00000010

_DEFAULT_SECURITY_INFORMATION = (OWNER_SECURITY_INFORMATION |
    GROUP_SECURITY_INFORMATION | DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION |
    LABEL_SECURITY_INFORMATION)

LPDWORD = ctypes.POINTER(wintypes.DWORD)
SE_OBJECT_TYPE = wintypes.DWORD
SECURITY_INFORMATION = wintypes.DWORD

class SID_NAME_USE(wintypes.DWORD):
    _sid_types = dict(enumerate('''
        User Group Domain Alias WellKnownGroup DeletedAccount
        Invalid Unknown Computer Label'''.split(), 1))

    def __init__(self, value=None):
        if value is not None:
            if value not in self.sid_types:
                raise ValueError('invalid SID type')
            wintypes.DWORD.__init__(value)

    def __str__(self):
        if self.value not in self._sid_types:
            raise ValueError('invalid SID type')
        return self._sid_types[self.value]

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'SID_NAME_USE(%s)' % self.value

PSID_NAME_USE = ctypes.POINTER(SID_NAME_USE)

class PLOCAL(wintypes.LPVOID):
    _needs_free = False
    def __init__(self, value=None, needs_free=False):
        super(PLOCAL, self).__init__(value)
        self._needs_free = needs_free

    def __del__(self):
        if self and self._needs_free:
            kernel32.LocalFree(self)
            self._needs_free = False

PACL = PLOCAL

class PSID(PLOCAL):
    def __init__(self, value=None, needs_free=False):
        super(PSID, self).__init__(value, needs_free)

    def __str__(self):
        if not self:
            raise ValueError('NULL pointer access')
        sid = wintypes.LPWSTR()
        advapi32.ConvertSidToStringSidW(self, ctypes.byref(sid))
        try:
            return sid.value
        finally:
            if sid:
                kernel32.LocalFree(sid)

class PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR(PLOCAL):
    def __init__(self, value=None, needs_free=False):
        super(PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR, self).__init__(value, needs_free)
        self.pOwner = PSID()
        self.pGroup = PSID()
        self.pDacl = PACL()
        self.pSacl = PACL()
        # back references to keep this object alive
        self.pOwner._SD = self
        self.pGroup._SD = self
        self.pDacl._SD = self
        self.pSacl._SD = self

    def get_owner(self, system_name=None):
        if not self or not self.pOwner:
            raise ValueError('NULL pointer access')
        return look_up_account_sid(self.pOwner, system_name)

    def get_group(self, system_name=None):
        if not self or not self.pGroup:
            raise ValueError('NULL pointer access')
        return look_up_account_sid(self.pGroup, system_name)

def _check_bool(result, func, args):
    if not result:
        raise ctypes.WinError(ctypes.get_last_error())
    return args

# msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa376399
advapi32.ConvertSidToStringSidW.errcheck = _check_bool
advapi32.ConvertSidToStringSidW.argtypes = (
    PSID, # _In_   Sid
    ctypes.POINTER(wintypes.LPWSTR)) # _Out_ StringSid

# msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa379166
advapi32.LookupAccountSidW.errcheck = _check_bool
advapi32.LookupAccountSidW.argtypes = (
    wintypes.LPCWSTR, # _In_opt_  lpSystemName
    PSID,             # _In_      lpSid
    wintypes.LPCWSTR, # _Out_opt_ lpName
    LPDWORD,          # _Inout_   cchName
    wintypes.LPCWSTR, # _Out_opt_ lpReferencedDomainName
    LPDWORD,          # _Inout_   cchReferencedDomainName
    PSID_NAME_USE)    # _Out_     peUse

# msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa446645
advapi32.GetNamedSecurityInfoW.restype = wintypes.DWORD
advapi32.GetNamedSecurityInfoW.argtypes = (
    wintypes.LPWSTR,       # _In_      pObjectName
    SE_OBJECT_TYPE,        # _In_      ObjectType
    SECURITY_INFORMATION,  # _In_      SecurityInfo
    ctypes.POINTER(PSID),  # _Out_opt_ ppsidOwner
    ctypes.POINTER(PSID),  # _Out_opt_ ppsidGroup
    ctypes.POINTER(PACL),  # _Out_opt_ ppDacl
    ctypes.POINTER(PACL),  # _Out_opt_ ppSacl
    ctypes.POINTER(PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR)) # _Out_opt_ ppSecurityDescriptor

函数

def look_up_account_sid(sid, system_name=None):
    SIZE = 256
    name = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(SIZE)
    domain = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(SIZE)
    cch_name = wintypes.DWORD(SIZE)
    cch_domain = wintypes.DWORD(SIZE)
    sid_type = SID_NAME_USE()
    advapi32.LookupAccountSidW(system_name, sid, name, ctypes.byref(cch_name),
        domain, ctypes.byref(cch_domain), ctypes.byref(sid_type))
    return name.value, domain.value, sid_type

def get_file_security(filename, request=_DEFAULT_SECURITY_INFORMATION):
    # N.B. This query may fail with ERROR_INVALID_FUNCTION
    # for some filesystems.
    pSD = PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR(needs_free=True)
    error = advapi32.GetNamedSecurityInfoW(filename, SE_FILE_OBJECT, request,
                ctypes.byref(pSD.pOwner), ctypes.byref(pSD.pGroup),
                ctypes.byref(pSD.pDacl), ctypes.byref(pSD.pSacl),
                ctypes.byref(pSD))
    if error != 0:
        raise ctypes.WinError(error)
    return pSD

使用示例

if __name__ == '__main__':
    import os, sys

    if len(sys.argv) < 2:
        script_name = os.path.basename(__file__)
        sys.exit('usage: {} filename'.format(script_name))

    filename = sys.argv[1]
    if isinstance(filename, bytes):
        if hasattr(os, 'fsdecode'):
            filename = os.fsdecode(filename)
        else:
            filename = filename.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())

    pSD = get_file_security(filename)
    owner_name, owner_domain, owner_sid_type = pSD.get_owner()
    if owner_domain:
        owner_name = '{}\\{}'.format(owner_domain, owner_name)

    print("Path : {}".format(filename))
    print("Owner: {} ({})".format(owner_name, owner_sid_type))
    print("SID  : {}".format(pSD.pOwner))

示例输出

Path : C:\Users
Owner: NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM (WellKnownGroup)
SID  : S-1-5-18

Path : C:\ProgramData
Owner: NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM (WellKnownGroup)
SID  : S-1-5-18

Path : C:\Program Files
Owner: NT SERVICE\TrustedInstaller (WellKnownGroup)
SID  : S-1-5-80-956008885-3418522649-1831038044-1853292631-2271478464

Path : C:\Windows
Owner: NT SERVICE\TrustedInstaller (WellKnownGroup)
SID  : S-1-5-80-956008885-3418522649-1831038044-1853292631-2271478464

- Eryk Sun

---

谢谢，这正是我在寻找的。我只想查找一些用户和组。我同意 ctypes 不是解决问题最简单的方法，但它可以避免额外的依赖和使用 subprocess 调用外部命令。此外，现在我有了一个真正的理由来练习使用 ctypes。非常感谢提供 MSDN 的参考资料。 - circus

sys.argv[1] encoding is likely locale.getpreferredencoding(False)/sys.getfilesystemencoding() (ANSI cp), not sys.stdin.encoding (OEM cp or whatever сhcp returns) -- there are multiple conversions that may loose data (sys.argv[1] may be already corrupted). To get the filename as Unicode: GetCommandLineW() + CommandLineToArgvW() - jfs

@J.F.Sebastian，谢谢。我改用“mbcs”了。如果您已经在旧版本的Python中使用它来获取控制台中的Unicode，则可以使用win_unicode_console.enable(use_unicode_argv=True)来获取本机Unicode命令行。 - Eryk Sun

我注意到PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR类中的“引用后向以保持此对象活动”的部分。我知道这是为了避免垃圾收集，但我不明白为什么它是必需的，有人能解释一下吗？ - Erwan Leroy

有没有一种简单的方法可以知道特定文件的有效system_name是什么？如果在网络共享上访问文件以获取所有者，似乎需要提供服务器的IP地址。对于如何安全地“自动化”系统名称参数有什么想法吗？ - undefined

Answer 2

您可以调用Windows shell命令“dir /q”，并解析输出以查找所有者。

subprocess.call("dir /q", shell=True)

- TJD

---

这似乎很好用，但是当你需要获取分布在多个目录中的许多文件的所有者时，就需要频繁调用外部dir命令。 - circus

这似乎在某些文件上无法正常工作，因为有时候通过命令返回“...”，但在Windows资源管理器中我看到了所有者。 - Zak44

有人能提供一个可靠解析输出的代码片段吗？ - xjcl

Answer 3

这似乎在 Python 3 上调整打印括号方面是可以的 http://timgolden.me.uk/python/win32_how_do_i/get-the-owner-of-a-file.html

- Enrico Ferreguti

---

你的意思是括号而不是方括号。请更新你的答案。 - Panda

Answer 4

我在这里找到了一个解决方案，对我来说实现起来相当容易

import win32security

def get_file_owner(file_path:str):
    sd = win32security.GetFileSecurity (file_path, win32security.OWNER_SECURITY_INFORMATION)
    owner_sid = sd.GetSecurityDescriptorOwner()
    name, domain, type = win32security.LookupAccountSid (None, owner_sid)
    return name

- Almerindo Uazela

---

它能工作吗？我正在尝试找到可信安装程序。 - Panda