如何在C语言中进行Base64编码（解码）？

优化ryyst的代码（获得最多票数的代码），不再使用动态分配的解码表，而是使用静态的预计算表。这样可以避免使用指针和初始化表，也可以避免在忘记使用base64_cleanup()清理解码表时出现内存泄漏（顺便说一下，在调用free(decoding_table)后，应该将decoding_table=NULL，否则在base64_cleanup()之后意外调用base64_decode会导致崩溃或未确定的行为）。另一种解决方案可能是使用std::unique_ptr……但我只满足于在堆栈上有一个const char[256]，并且完全避免使用指针——这样代码看起来更加简洁。

解码表的计算如下：

const char encoding_table[] = { 
    'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H',
    'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P',
    'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X',
    'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f',
    'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n',
    'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v',
    'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', '0', '1', '2', '3',
    '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '+', '/' };

unsigned char decoding_table[256];

for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++)
    decoding_table[i] = '\0';

for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++)
    decoding_table[(unsigned char)encoding_table[i]] = i;

for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++)
    cout << "0x" << (int(decoding_table[i]) < 16 ? "0" : "") << hex << int(decoding_table[i]) << (i != 255 ? "," : "") << ((i+1) % 16 == 0 ? '\n' : '\0');

cin.ignore();

而我使用的修改后的代码是：

        static const char encoding_table[] = { 
            'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H',
            'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P',
            'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X',
            'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f',
            'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n',
            'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v',
            'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', '0', '1', '2', '3',
            '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '+', '/' };

        static const unsigned char decoding_table[256] = {
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f,
            0x34, 0x35, 0x36, 0x37, 0x38, 0x39, 0x3a, 0x3b, 0x3c, 0x3d, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e,
            0x0f, 0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17, 0x18, 0x19, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f, 0x20, 0x21, 0x22, 0x23, 0x24, 0x25, 0x26, 0x27, 0x28,
            0x29, 0x2a, 0x2b, 0x2c, 0x2d, 0x2e, 0x2f, 0x30, 0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 };

        char* base64_encode(const unsigned char *data, size_t input_length, size_t &output_length) {

            const int mod_table[] = { 0, 2, 1 };

            output_length = 4 * ((input_length + 2) / 3);

            char *encoded_data = (char*)malloc(output_length);

            if (encoded_data == nullptr)
                return nullptr;

            for (int i = 0, j = 0; i < input_length;) {

                uint32_t octet_a = i < input_length ? (unsigned char)data[i++] : 0;
                uint32_t octet_b = i < input_length ? (unsigned char)data[i++] : 0;
                uint32_t octet_c = i < input_length ? (unsigned char)data[i++] : 0;

                uint32_t triple = (octet_a << 0x10) + (octet_b << 0x08) + octet_c;

                encoded_data[j++] = encoding_table[(triple >> 3 * 6) & 0x3F];
                encoded_data[j++] = encoding_table[(triple >> 2 * 6) & 0x3F];
                encoded_data[j++] = encoding_table[(triple >> 1 * 6) & 0x3F];
                encoded_data[j++] = encoding_table[(triple >> 0 * 6) & 0x3F];

            }

            for (int i = 0; i < mod_table[input_length % 3]; i++)
                encoded_data[output_length - 1 - i] = '=';

            return encoded_data;

        };

        unsigned char* base64_decode(const char *data, size_t input_length, size_t &output_length) {        

            if (input_length % 4 != 0)
                return nullptr;

            output_length = input_length / 4 * 3;

            if (data[input_length - 1] == '=') (output_length)--;
            if (data[input_length - 2] == '=') (output_length)--;

            unsigned char* decoded_data = (unsigned char*)malloc(output_length);

            if (decoded_data == nullptr)
                return nullptr;

            for (int i = 0, j = 0; i < input_length;) {

                uint32_t sextet_a = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : decoding_table[data[i++]];
                uint32_t sextet_b = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : decoding_table[data[i++]];
                uint32_t sextet_c = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : decoding_table[data[i++]];
                uint32_t sextet_d = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : decoding_table[data[i++]];

                uint32_t triple = (sextet_a << 3 * 6)
                    + (sextet_b << 2 * 6)
                    + (sextet_c << 1 * 6)
                    + (sextet_d << 0 * 6);

                if (j < output_length) decoded_data[j++] = (triple >> 2 * 8) & 0xFF;
                if (j < output_length) decoded_data[j++] = (triple >> 1 * 8) & 0xFF;
                if (j < output_length) decoded_data[j++] = (triple >> 0 * 8) & 0xFF;

            }

            return decoded_data;

        };

我写了一个用于C++的翻译器，它非常快速，可以与流一起使用，免费且开源：https://tmplusplus.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/tmplusplus/trunk/src/。如果符合您的需求，请随意使用。
编辑：按要求添加了内联代码。
通过使用编码和解码的查找表来实现性能提升。在大多数操作系统上，_UINT8 是一个无符号字符。

/** Static Base64 character encoding lookup table */
const char CBase64::encodeCharacterTable[65] = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";

/** Static Base64 character decoding lookup table */
const char CBase64::decodeCharacterTable[256] = {
    -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
    ,-1,62,-1,-1,-1,63,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21
    ,22,23,24,25,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
    ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1}; 

/*!
\brief Encodes binary data to base 64 character data
\param in The data to encode
\param out The encoded data as characters
*/
void CBase64::Encode(std::istream &in, std::ostringstream &out)
{
    char buff1[3];
    char buff2[4];
    _UINT8 i=0, j;
    while(in.readsome(&buff1[i++], 1))
        if (i==3)
        {
            out << encodeCharacterTable[(buff1[0] & 0xfc) >> 2];
            out << encodeCharacterTable[((buff1[0] & 0x03) << 4) + ((buff1[1] & 0xf0) >> 4)];
            out << encodeCharacterTable[((buff1[1] & 0x0f) << 2) + ((buff1[2] & 0xc0) >> 6)];
            out << encodeCharacterTable[buff1[2] & 0x3f];
            i=0;
        }

    if (--i)
    {
        for(j=i;j<3;j++) buff1[j] = '\0';

        buff2[0] = (buff1[0] & 0xfc) >> 2;
        buff2[1] = ((buff1[0] & 0x03) << 4) + ((buff1[1] & 0xf0) >> 4);
        buff2[2] = ((buff1[1] & 0x0f) << 2) + ((buff1[2] & 0xc0) >> 6);
        buff2[3] = buff1[2] & 0x3f;

        for (j=0;j<(i+1);j++) out << encodeCharacterTable[buff2[j]];

        while(i++<3) out << '=';
    }

}

/*!
\brief Decodes base 64 character data to binary data
\param in The character data to decode
\param out The decoded data
*/
void CBase64::Decode(std::istringstream &in, std::ostream &out)
{
    char buff1[4];
    char buff2[4];
    _UINT8 i=0, j;

    while(in.readsome(&buff2[i], 1) && buff2[i] != '=')
    {
        if (++i==4)
        {
            for (i=0;i!=4;i++)
                buff2[i] = decodeCharacterTable[buff2[i]];

            out << (char)((buff2[0] << 2) + ((buff2[1] & 0x30) >> 4));
            out << (char)(((buff2[1] & 0xf) << 4) + ((buff2[2] & 0x3c) >> 2));
            out << (char)(((buff2[2] & 0x3) << 6) + buff2[3]);

            i=0;
        }
    }

    if (i) 
    {
        for (j=i;j<4;j++) buff2[j] = '\0';
        for (j=0;j<4;j++) buff2[j] = decodeCharacterTable[buff2[j]];

        buff1[0] = (buff2[0] << 2) + ((buff2[1] & 0x30) >> 4);
        buff1[1] = ((buff2[1] & 0xf) << 4) + ((buff2[2] & 0x3c) >> 2);
        buff1[2] = ((buff2[2] & 0x3) << 6) + buff2[3];

        for (j=0;j<(i-1); j++) out << (char)buff1[j];
    }
}

如果有人需要c++解决方案，我整理了这个OpenSSL解决方案（用于编码和解码）。您需要链接“crypto”库（即OpenSSL）。已使用valgrind检查了内存泄漏（尽管您可以添加一些额外的错误检查代码使其更好一些-我知道至少写函数应该检查返回值）。

#include <openssl/bio.h>
#include <openssl/evp.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

string base64_encode( const string &str ){

    BIO *base64_filter = BIO_new( BIO_f_base64() );
    BIO_set_flags( base64_filter, BIO_FLAGS_BASE64_NO_NL );

    BIO *bio = BIO_new( BIO_s_mem() );
    BIO_set_flags( bio, BIO_FLAGS_BASE64_NO_NL );

    bio = BIO_push( base64_filter, bio );

    BIO_write( bio, str.c_str(), str.length() );

    BIO_flush( bio );

    char *new_data;

    long bytes_written = BIO_get_mem_data( bio, &new_data );

    string result( new_data, bytes_written );
    BIO_free_all( bio );

    return result;

}



string base64_decode( const string &str ){

    BIO *bio, *base64_filter, *bio_out;
    char inbuf[512];
    int inlen;
    base64_filter = BIO_new( BIO_f_base64() );
    BIO_set_flags( base64_filter, BIO_FLAGS_BASE64_NO_NL );

    bio = BIO_new_mem_buf( (void*)str.c_str(), str.length() );

    bio = BIO_push( base64_filter, bio );

    bio_out = BIO_new( BIO_s_mem() );

    while( (inlen = BIO_read(bio, inbuf, 512)) > 0 ){
        BIO_write( bio_out, inbuf, inlen );
    }

    BIO_flush( bio_out );

    char *new_data;
    long bytes_written = BIO_get_mem_data( bio_out, &new_data );

    string result( new_data, bytes_written );

    BIO_free_all( bio );
    BIO_free_all( bio_out );

    return result;

}

如果您想找到可行的C语言解决方案，我相信您需要这个。
https://github.com/littlstar/b64.c。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "b64.h"

int
main (void) {
  unsigned char *str = "brian the monkey and bradley the kinkajou are friends";
  char *enc = b64_encode(str, strlen(str));

  printf("%s\n", enc); // YnJpYW4gdGhlIG1vbmtleSBhbmQgYnJhZGxleSB0aGUga2lua2Fqb3UgYXJlIGZyaWVuZHM=

  char *dec = b64_decode(enc, strlen(enc));

  printf("%s\n", dec); // brian the monkey and bradley the kinkajou are friends
  free(enc);
  free(dec);
  return 0;
}

我修复了@ryyst答案中的错误，这是一个安全的URL版本：

    #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
 
static char encoding_table[] = {'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H',
                                'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P',
                                'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X',
                                'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f',
                                'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n',
                                'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v',
                                'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', '0', '1', '2', '3',
                                '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '-', '_'};
static char *decoding_table = NULL;
static int mod_table[] = {0, 2, 1};
 
void build_decoding_table() {
 
    decoding_table = malloc(256);
 
    for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++)
        decoding_table[(unsigned char) encoding_table[i]] = i;
}
 
 
void base64_cleanup() {
    free(decoding_table);
} 
 
char *base64_encode(const char *data,
                    size_t input_length,
                    size_t *output_length) {
 
    *output_length = 4 * ((input_length + 2) / 3);
 
    char *encoded_data = malloc(*output_length);
    if (encoded_data == NULL) return NULL;
 
    for (int i = 0, j = 0; i < input_length;) {
 
        uint32_t octet_a = i < input_length ? (unsigned char)data[i++] : 0;
        uint32_t octet_b = i < input_length ? (unsigned char)data[i++] : 0;
        uint32_t octet_c = i < input_length ? (unsigned char)data[i++] : 0;
 
        uint32_t triple = (octet_a << 0x10) + (octet_b << 0x08) + octet_c;
 
        encoded_data[j++] = encoding_table[(triple >> 3 * 6) & 0x3F];
        encoded_data[j++] = encoding_table[(triple >> 2 * 6) & 0x3F];
        encoded_data[j++] = encoding_table[(triple >> 1 * 6) & 0x3F];
        encoded_data[j++] = encoding_table[(triple >> 0 * 6) & 0x3F];
    }
 
    //int i=0;
    for (int i = 0; i < mod_table[input_length % 3]; i++)
        encoded_data[*output_length - 1 - i] = '=';
    
    *output_length  = *output_length -2 + mod_table[input_length % 3];
    encoded_data[*output_length] =0;

    return encoded_data;
}
 
 
unsigned char *base64_decode(const char *data,
                             size_t input_length,
                             size_t *output_length) {
 
    if (decoding_table == NULL) build_decoding_table();
 
    if (input_length % 4 != 0) return NULL;
 
    *output_length = input_length / 4 * 3;
    if (data[input_length - 1] == '=') (*output_length)--;
    if (data[input_length - 2] == '=') (*output_length)--;
 
    unsigned char *decoded_data = malloc(*output_length);
    if (decoded_data == NULL) return NULL;
 
    for (int i = 0, j = 0; i < input_length;) {
 
        uint32_t sextet_a = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : decoding_table[data[i++]];
        uint32_t sextet_b = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : decoding_table[data[i++]];
        uint32_t sextet_c = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : decoding_table[data[i++]];
        uint32_t sextet_d = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : decoding_table[data[i++]];
 
        uint32_t triple = (sextet_a << 3 * 6)
        + (sextet_b << 2 * 6)
        + (sextet_c << 1 * 6)
        + (sextet_d << 0 * 6);
 
        if (j < *output_length) decoded_data[j++] = (triple >> 2 * 8) & 0xFF;
        if (j < *output_length) decoded_data[j++] = (triple >> 1 * 8) & 0xFF;
        if (j < *output_length) decoded_data[j++] = (triple >> 0 * 8) & 0xFF;
    }
 
    return decoded_data;
}
 
int main(){
    
    const char * data = "Hello World! 您好！世界！";
    size_t input_size = strlen(data);
    printf("Input size: %ld \n",input_size);
    char * encoded_data = base64_encode(data, input_size, &input_size);
    printf("After size: %ld \n",input_size);
    printf("Encoded Data is: %s \n",encoded_data);
    
    size_t decode_size = strlen(encoded_data);
    printf("Output size: %ld \n",decode_size);
    unsigned char * decoded_data = base64_decode(encoded_data, decode_size, &decode_size);
    printf("After size: %ld \n",decode_size);
    printf("Decoded Data is: %s \n",decoded_data);
    return 0;
}

这是一个解码器，专门编写以避免使用缓冲区，而是直接写入 putchar 函数。这是基于 wikibook 的实现https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algorithm_Implementation/Miscellaneous/Base64#C。
与上面的其他选项相比，这并不容易使用。然而，在嵌入式系统中可以派上用场，您可以在不分配另一个大缓冲区来存储结果 base64 数据URI 字符串的情况下转储大型文件。（很遗憾 datauri 不允许您指定文件名）。

void datauriBase64EncodeBufferless(int (*putchar_fcptr)(int), const char* type_strptr, const void* data_buf, const size_t dataLength)
{
  const char base64chars[] = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
  const uint8_t *data = (const uint8_t *)data_buf;
  size_t x = 0;
  uint32_t n = 0;
  int padCount = dataLength % 3;
  uint8_t n0, n1, n2, n3;

  size_t outcount = 0;
  size_t line = 0;

  putchar_fcptr((int)'d');
  putchar_fcptr((int)'a');
  putchar_fcptr((int)'t');
  putchar_fcptr((int)'a');
  putchar_fcptr((int)':');
  outcount += 5;

  while (*type_strptr != '\0')
  {
    putchar_fcptr((int)*type_strptr);
    type_strptr++;
    outcount++;
  }

  putchar_fcptr((int)';');
  putchar_fcptr((int)'b');
  putchar_fcptr((int)'a');
  putchar_fcptr((int)'s');
  putchar_fcptr((int)'e');
  putchar_fcptr((int)'6');
  putchar_fcptr((int)'4');
  putchar_fcptr((int)',');
  outcount += 8;

  /* increment over the length of the string, three characters at a time */
  for (x = 0; x < dataLength; x += 3)
  {
    /* these three 8-bit (ASCII) characters become one 24-bit number */
    n = ((uint32_t)data[x]) << 16; //parenthesis needed, compiler depending on flags can do the shifting before conversion to uint32_t, resulting to 0

    if((x+1) < dataLength)
       n += ((uint32_t)data[x+1]) << 8;//parenthesis needed, compiler depending on flags can do the shifting before conversion to uint32_t, resulting to 0

    if((x+2) < dataLength)
       n += data[x+2];

    /* this 24-bit number gets separated into four 6-bit numbers */
    n0 = (uint8_t)(n >> 18) & 63;
    n1 = (uint8_t)(n >> 12) & 63;
    n2 = (uint8_t)(n >> 6) & 63;
    n3 = (uint8_t)n & 63;

    /*
     * if we have one byte available, then its encoding is spread
     * out over two characters
     */

    putchar_fcptr((int)base64chars[n0]);
    putchar_fcptr((int)base64chars[n1]);
    outcount += 2;

    /*
     * if we have only two bytes available, then their encoding is
     * spread out over three chars
     */
    if((x+1) < dataLength)
    {
      putchar_fcptr((int)base64chars[n2]);
      outcount += 1;
    }

    /*
     * if we have all three bytes available, then their encoding is spread
     * out over four characters
     */
    if((x+2) < dataLength)
    {
      putchar_fcptr((int)base64chars[n3]);
      outcount += 1;
    }

    /* Breaking up the line so it's easier to copy and paste */
    int curr_line = (outcount/80);
    if( curr_line != line )
    {
      line = curr_line;
      putchar_fcptr((int)'\r');
      putchar_fcptr((int)'\n');
    }
  }

  /*
  * create and add padding that is required if we did not have a multiple of 3
  * number of characters available
  */
  if (padCount > 0)
  {
    for (; padCount < 3; padCount++)
    {
      putchar_fcptr((int)'=');
    }
  }

  putchar_fcptr((int)'\r');
  putchar_fcptr((int)'\n');
}

这是测试。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h>

int main(void)
{
  char str[] = "test";
  datauriBase64EncodeBufferless(putchar, "text/plain;charset=utf-8", str, strlen(str));
  return 0;
}

预期输出：data:text/plain;charset=utf-8;base64,dGVzdA==

这个解决方案基于Schulwitz的答案（使用OpenSSL进行编码/解码），但是它适用于C++（原始问题是关于C的，但这里已经有其他C++的答案了）并且它使用错误检查（因此更安全可靠）：

#include <openssl/bio.h>

std::string base64_encode(const std::string &input)
{
    BIO *p_bio_b64 = nullptr;
    BIO *p_bio_mem = nullptr;

    try
    {
        // make chain: p_bio_b64 <--> p_bio_mem
        p_bio_b64 = BIO_new(BIO_f_base64());
        if (!p_bio_b64) { throw std::runtime_error("BIO_new failed"); }
        BIO_set_flags(p_bio_b64, BIO_FLAGS_BASE64_NO_NL); //No newlines every 64 characters or less

        p_bio_mem = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
        if (!p_bio_mem) { throw std::runtime_error("BIO_new failed"); }
        BIO_push(p_bio_b64, p_bio_mem);

        // write input to chain
        // write sequence: input -->> p_bio_b64 -->> p_bio_mem
        if (BIO_write(p_bio_b64, input.c_str(), input.size()) <= 0)
            { throw std::runtime_error("BIO_write failed"); }

        if (BIO_flush(p_bio_b64) <= 0)
            { throw std::runtime_error("BIO_flush failed"); }

        // get result
        char *p_encoded_data = nullptr;
        auto  encoded_len    = BIO_get_mem_data(p_bio_mem, &p_encoded_data);
        if (!p_encoded_data) { throw std::runtime_error("BIO_get_mem_data failed"); }

        std::string result(p_encoded_data, encoded_len);

        // clean
        BIO_free_all(p_bio_b64);

        return result;
    }
    catch (...)
    {
        if (p_bio_b64) { BIO_free_all(p_bio_b64); }
        throw;
    }
}

std::string base64_decode(const std::string &input)
{
    BIO *p_bio_mem = nullptr;
    BIO *p_bio_b64 = nullptr;

    try
    {
        // make chain: p_bio_b64 <--> p_bio_mem
        p_bio_b64 = BIO_new(BIO_f_base64());
        if (!p_bio_b64) { throw std::runtime_error("BIO_new failed"); }
        BIO_set_flags(p_bio_b64, BIO_FLAGS_BASE64_NO_NL); //Don't require trailing newlines

        p_bio_mem = BIO_new_mem_buf((void*)input.c_str(), input.length());
        if (!p_bio_mem) { throw std::runtime_error("BIO_new failed"); }
        BIO_push(p_bio_b64, p_bio_mem);

        // read result from chain
        // read sequence (reverse to write): buf <<-- p_bio_b64 <<-- p_bio_mem
        std::vector<char> buf((input.size()*3/4)+1);
        std::string result;
        for (;;)
        {
            auto nread = BIO_read(p_bio_b64, buf.data(), buf.size());
            if (nread  < 0) { throw std::runtime_error("BIO_read failed"); }
            if (nread == 0) { break; } // eof

            result.append(buf.data(), nread);
        }

        // clean
        BIO_free_all(p_bio_b64);

        return result;
    }
    catch (...)
    {
        if (p_bio_b64) { BIO_free_all(p_bio_b64); }
        throw;
    }
}

请注意，如果输入不是正确的base64序列（openssl以这种方式工作），则base64_decode将返回空字符串。

使用 openSSL 进行 C 语言中的 Base64 编码和解码实际上非常容易，只需使用 EVP 代码。

以下是 openssl 3.1 版本所需编码和解码函数的文档：https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.1/man3/EVP_EncodeUpdate.html

EVP 接口可能看起来很复杂，但一旦你理解了它，你可以轻松进行编码、加密等操作，而无需使用示例。不过别担心，我将为您提供一个适用于我的示例。

以下代码使用 g++ 和 std::string 进行编译。 在编译时请使用 -lcrypto 标志。

根据您的要求，随意清理代码以符合任何标准。

#include <openssl/evp.h>
#include <string>
#include <stdio.h>

size_t resultLen = 0;
bool failed = false;

string encode(string in, size_t inSize){
    // Error handling stuff
    string ret = "";
    failed = false;

    //Required variables, and proper size estimates
    unsigned char *inbuf = new unsigned char[inSize];
    size_t outBufCalculated = ((inSize/48) * 66) + 66;
    unsigned char *outbuf = new unsigned char[outBufCalculated];
    int outCount = 0;

    // OpenSSL uses unsigned char buffers
    for(int i=0; i<inSize; i++)
        inbuf[i] = in[i];

    EVP_ENCODE_CTX *encodeCtx = EVP_ENCODE_CTX_new();
    EVP_EncodeInit(encodeCtx);
    if(encodeCtx == NULL){
        failed = true;
        delete[] inbuf;
        delete[] outbuf;
        return "";
    }

    // Encode the "complete" blocks
    if(EVP_EncodeUpdate(encodeCtx, 
                        outbuf, &outCount, 
                        (const unsigned char *)inbuf, inSize) != 1)
    {
        failed = true;
        delete[] inbuf;
        delete[] outbuf;
        EVP_ENCODE_CTX_free(encodeCtx);
        return "";
    }

    // You need to track the number of encoded bytes.
    resultLen = outCount;

    // Handle the encoding of incomplete blocks
    EVP_EncodeFinal(encodeCtx, outbuf+resultLen, &outCount);

    // Don't forget to track the number of remaining bytes encoded :)
    resultLen += outCount;

    // Get the results into that sweet, sweet string
    for(int i=0; i<resultLen; i++)
        ret += outbuf[i];

    // Barny clean-up song
    delete[] inbuf;
    delete[] outbuf;
    EVP_ENCODE_CTX_free(encodeCtx);

    return ret;
}

string decode(string in, size_t inSize){
    // Error handling stuff
    string ret = "";
    failed = false;

    unsigned char *inbuf = new unsigned char[inSize];
    size_t outBufCalculated = ((inSize/48) * 66) + 66;
    unsigned char *outbuf = new unsigned char[outBufCalculated];
    int outCount = 0;

    for(int i=0; i<inSize; i++)
        inbuf[i] = in[i];

    // There's only one CTX function for both encode and decode.
    EVP_ENCODE_CTX *encodeCtx = EVP_ENCODE_CTX_new();
    EVP_DecodeInit(encodeCtx);
    if(encodeCtx == NULL){
        failed = true;
        delete[] inbuf;
        delete[] outbuf;
        return "";
    }

    // Decode returns -1 on error, encode returns 1 on success.
    if(EVP_DecodeUpdate(encodeCtx, 
                        outbuf, &outCount, 
                        (const unsigned char *)inbuf, inSize) == -1)
    {
        failed = true;
        delete[] inbuf;
        delete[] outbuf;
        EVP_ENCODE_CTX_free(encodeCtx);
        return "";
    }
    resultLen = outCount;

    EVP_DecodeFinal(encodeCtx, outbuf+resultLen, &outCount);

    resultLen += outCount;

    for(int i=0; i<resultLen; i++)
        ret += outbuf[i];

    delete[] inbuf;
    delete[] outbuf;
    EVP_ENCODE_CTX_free(encodeCtx);

    return ret;
}

int main(void){
    string Message = "Z";
    for(int i=0; i<100; i++){
        Message = "a" + Message;
    }

    Message = encode(Message, Message.length());

    // OpenSSL null terminates base64.
    printf("Encoded Message : \n%s\n", Message.c_str());

    Message = decode(Message, Message.length());
    printf("Decoded Message : \n%s\n", Message.c_str());
    return 0;
}

编译和输出，希望这能帮到你！

g++ foo.cc -lcrypto
./a.out
Encoded Message : 
YWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFh
YWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFh
YWFhYVo=

Decoded Message : 
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaZ

基于GaspardP的答案，这是Jouni Malinen的编码器的简化版本，我为自己参与的项目制作：

/* Character list for url-safe base64 encoding */
//char cl[]="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_";

/* Character list for url-unsafe base64 encoding */
char cl[]="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";

/**
 * @brief Encodes s_in into base64 and writes it to s_out.
 *    @param s_in  Pointer to input buffer.
 *    @param s_out Pointer to output buffer.
 * @return Pointer to end of output buffer
 * @usage b64e("ABC",buf);
 */
char *b64e(char *s_in, char *s_out){
   int i=0;
   if (s_in[i]==0) return s_out;
   if (s_in[i+1]==0 || s_in[i+2]==0) {
      *s_out++= b64_cl[ s_in[i] >> 2 ];
      if (s_in[i+1]==0) {
         *s_out++ = b64_cl[ ( ( s_in[i]   & 0b000011 ) << 4 ) ];
      } else
      if (s_in[i+2]==0) {
         *s_out++ = b64_cl[ ( ( s_in[i]   & 0b000011 ) << 4 ) + ( ( s_in[i+1] >> 4 ) & 0b001111 ) ];
         *s_out++ = b64_cl[ ( ( s_in[i+1] & 0b001111 ) << 2 ) ];
      }
      return s_out;
   }
   *s_out++ = b64_cl[    s_in[i] >> 2 ];
   *s_out++ = b64_cl[ ( (s_in[i]   & 0b000011 ) << 4 ) + ( (s_in[i+1] >> 4) & 0b001111 ) ];
   *s_out++ = b64_cl[ ( (s_in[i+1] & 0b001111 ) << 2 ) + ( (s_in[i+2] >> 6) & 0b000011 ) ];
   *s_out++ = b64_cl[ (  s_in[i+2] & 0b111111 ) ];
   return b64e( s_in+3, s_out );
}

这是被接受答案的编码器的优化版本，同时支持 MIME 和其他协议的换行（相似的优化也可以应用于解码器）：

 char *base64_encode(const unsigned char *data,
                    size_t input_length,
                    size_t *output_length,
                    bool addLineBreaks)

    *output_length = 4 * ((input_length + 2) / 3);
    if (addLineBreaks) *output_length += *output_length / 38; //  CRLF after each 76 chars

    char *encoded_data = malloc(*output_length);
    if (encoded_data == NULL) return NULL;

    UInt32 octet_a;
    UInt32 octet_b;
    UInt32 octet_c;
    UInt32 triple;
    int lineCount = 0;
    int sizeMod = size - (size % 3); // check if there is a partial triplet
    // adding all octet triplets, before partial last triplet
    for (; offset < sizeMod; ) 
    {
        octet_a = data[offset++];
        octet_b = data[offset++];
        octet_c = data[offset++];

        triple = (octet_a << 0x10) + (octet_b << 0x08) + octet_c;

        encoded_data[mBufferPos++] = encoding_table[(triple >> 3 * 6) & 0x3F];
        encoded_data[mBufferPos++] = encoding_table[(triple >> 2 * 6) & 0x3F];
        encoded_data[mBufferPos++] = encoding_table[(triple >> 1 * 6) & 0x3F];
        encoded_data[mBufferPos++] = encoding_table[(triple >> 0 * 6) & 0x3F];
        if (addLineBreaks)
        {
            if (++lineCount == 19)
            {
                encoded_data[mBufferPos++] = 13;
                encoded_data[mBufferPos++] = 10;
                lineCount = 0;
            }
        }
    }

    // last bytes
    if (sizeMod < size)
    {
        octet_a = data[offset++]; // first octect always added
        octet_b = offset < size ? data[offset++] : (UInt32)0; // conditional 2nd octet
        octet_c = (UInt32)0; // last character is definitely padded

        triple = (octet_a << 0x10) + (octet_b << 0x08) + octet_c;

        encoded_data[mBufferPos++] = encoding_table[(triple >> 3 * 6) & 0x3F];
        encoded_data[mBufferPos++] = encoding_table[(triple >> 2 * 6) & 0x3F];
        encoded_data[mBufferPos++] = encoding_table[(triple >> 1 * 6) & 0x3F];
        encoded_data[mBufferPos++] = encoding_table[(triple >> 0 * 6) & 0x3F];

        // add padding '='
        sizeMod = size % 3; 
        // last character is definitely padded
        encoded_data[mBufferPos - 1] = (byte)'=';
        if (sizeMod == 1) encoded_data[mBufferPos - 2] = (byte)'=';
    }
 }