我需要为Posix定时器使用信号处理程序吗？

Question

我想启动一个计时器，并在计时结束时调用一个函数。

通过谷歌搜索可以找到很多例子，包括手册中的示例，它们都使用`sigaction()`来设置信号处理程序。

然而，@Patryk在this question中说我们可以直接这样做。

void cbf(union sigval);
struct sigevent sev;
timer_t timer;

sev.sigev_notify = SIGEV_THREAD;
sev.sigev_notify_function = cbf; //this function will be called when timer expires
sev.sigev_value.sival_ptr = (void*) arg;//this argument will be passed to cbf
timer_create(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &sev, &timer);

哪个更短、更简单、更清洁、更易维护...？

怎么回事？这正确吗？它只是sigaction()的一个包装器吗？为什么示例中明确设置了信号处理程序？

另外，如果我通过这种方法或者通过timer_settime和一个信号处理程序启动一个定时器，取消定时器会导致系统删除该定时器与回调之间的关联吗？还是我需要显式地做这个操作？

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【更新】你可以选择信号或者我在下面回答中展示的方法（或者两者都选择，但那似乎有些愚蠢）。这是个人口味的问题。信号可能提供更多的功能，但代价是复杂化。

如果你只想启动一个计时器并在它到期时收到通知，我在回答中提供的方法是最简单的。

- Mawg says reinstate Monica

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我认为在选择线程或信号作为POSIX定时器的底层通知接口方面，这完全取决于（基于个人意见）您是否愿意在应用程序中使用线程（出于任何原因），甚至如果您不想使用线程，由于某些原因（无论是什么原因...一个很好的原因可能是为了简单起见），您被迫使用线程通知系统而不是信号接口。 - pah

Answer 1

迈克尔·凯里斯克在他的《Linux编程接口》一书中提供了详细示例：

/* ptmr_sigev_thread.c

   This program demonstrates the use of threads as the notification mechanism
   for expirations of a POSIX timer. Each of the program's command-line
   arguments specifies the initial value and interval for a POSIX timer. The
   format of these arguments is defined by the function itimerspecFromStr().

   The program creates and arms one timer for each command-line argument.
   The timer notification method is specified as SIGEV_THREAD, causing the
   timer notifications to be delivered via a thread that invokes threadFunc()
   as its start function. The threadFunc() function displays information
   about the timer expiration, increments a global counter of timer expirations,
   and signals a condition variable to indicate that the counter has changed.
   In the main thread, a loop waits on the condition variable, and each time
   the condition variable is signaled, the main thread prints the value of the
   global variable that counts timer expirations.

   Kernel support for Linux timers is provided since Linux 2.6. On older
   systems, an incomplete user-space implementation of POSIX timers
   was provided in glibc.
*/
#include <signal.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include "curr_time.h"              /* Declares currTime() */
#include "tlpi_hdr.h"
#include "itimerspec_from_str.h"    /* Declares itimerspecFromStr() */

static pthread_mutex_t mtx = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
static pthread_cond_t cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;

static int expireCnt = 0;           /* Number of expirations of all timers */
static void                         /* Thread notification function */
threadFunc(union sigval sv)
{
    timer_t *tidptr;
    int s;

    tidptr = sv.sival_ptr;

    printf("[%s] Thread notify\n", currTime("%T"));
    printf("    timer ID=%ld\n", (long) *tidptr);
    printf("    timer_getoverrun()=%d\n", timer_getoverrun(*tidptr));

    /* Increment counter variable shared with main thread and signal
       condition variable to notify main thread of the change. */

    s = pthread_mutex_lock(&mtx);
    if (s != 0)
        errExitEN(s, "pthread_mutex_lock");

    expireCnt += 1 + timer_getoverrun(*tidptr);

    s = pthread_mutex_unlock(&mtx);
    if (s != 0)
        errExitEN(s, "pthread_mutex_unlock");

    s = pthread_cond_signal(&cond);
    if (s != 0)
        errExitEN(s, "pthread_cond_signal");
}
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    struct sigevent sev;
    struct itimerspec ts;
    timer_t *tidlist;
    int s, j;

    if (argc < 2)
        usageErr("%s secs[/nsecs][:int-secs[/int-nsecs]]...\n", argv[0]);

    tidlist = calloc(argc - 1, sizeof(timer_t));
    if (tidlist == NULL)
        errExit("malloc");

    sev.sigev_notify = SIGEV_THREAD;            /* Notify via thread */
    sev.sigev_notify_function = threadFunc;     /* Thread start function */
    sev.sigev_notify_attributes = NULL;
            /* Could be pointer to pthread_attr_t structure */

    /* Create and start one timer for each command-line argument */

    for (j = 0; j < argc - 1; j++) {
        itimerspecFromStr(argv[j + 1], &ts);

        sev.sigev_value.sival_ptr = &tidlist[j];
                /* Passed as argument to threadFunc() */

        if (timer_create(CLOCK_REALTIME, &sev, &tidlist[j]) == -1)
            errExit("timer_create");
        printf("Timer ID: %ld (%s)\n", (long) tidlist[j], argv[j + 1]);

        if (timer_settime(tidlist[j], 0, &ts, NULL) == -1)
            errExit("timer_settime");
    }

    /* The main thread waits on a condition variable that is signaled
       on each invocation of the thread notification function. We
       print a message so that the user can see that this occurred. */

    s = pthread_mutex_lock(&mtx);
    if (s != 0)
        errExitEN(s, "pthread_mutex_lock");

    for (;;) {
        s = pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &mtx);
        if (s != 0)
            errExitEN(s, "pthread_cond_wait");
        printf("main(): expireCnt = %d\n", expireCnt);
    }
}

摘自在线源代码。

此外，还应该阅读第23章的书籍，其中对这段代码进行了详细的解释。

要测试上述代码，可以输入

$ ./ptmr_sigev_thread 5:5 10:10

这将设置两个计时器：一个初始到期时间为5秒，间隔为5秒，另一个分别为10秒。

可以通过上面书籍源代码的链接找到辅助函数的定义。

- user5164080

Answer 2

Linux有timerfd。https://lwn.net/Articles/251413/。这允许等待时间与select/poll/epoll一起使用。或者您可以在select/poll/epoll上使用超时。

- doron

Answer 3

看起来我不需要使用信号处理程序，可以让代码更简单，如下所示：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>

static unsigned int pass_value_by_pointer = 42;

void Timer_has_expired(union sigval timer_data)
{
    printf("Timer expiration handler function; %d\n", *(int *) timer_data.sival_ptr);
}

int main(void)
{
    struct sigevent timer_signal_event;
    timer_t timer;

    struct itimerspec timer_period;

    printf("Create timer\n");
    timer_signal_event.sigev_notify = SIGEV_THREAD;
    timer_signal_event.sigev_notify_function = Timer_has_expired;       // This function will be called when timer expires
    // Note that the following is a union. Assign one or the other (preferably by pointer)
    //timer_signal_event.sigev_value.sival_int = 38;                        // This argument will be passed to the function
    timer_signal_event.sigev_value.sival_ptr = (void *) &pass_value_by_pointer;     // as will this (both in a structure)
    timer_signal_event.sigev_notify_attributes = NULL;
    timer_create(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &timer_signal_event, &timer);

    printf("Start timer\n");
    timer_period.it_value.tv_sec = 1;                                   // 1 second timer
    timer_period.it_value.tv_nsec = 0;                                  // no nano-seconds
    timer_period.it_interval.tv_sec = 0;                                // non-repeating timer
    timer_period.it_interval.tv_nsec = 0;

    timer_settime(timer, 0, &timer_period, NULL);
    sleep(2);

    printf("----------------------------\n");
    printf("Start timer a second time\n");
    timer_settime(timer, 0, &timer_period, NULL);
    sleep(2);

    printf("----------------------------\n");
    printf("Start timer a third time\n");
    timer_settime(timer, 0, &timer_period, NULL);

    printf("Cancel timer\n");
    timer_delete(timer);
    sleep(2);
    printf("The timer expiration handler function should not have been called\n");

    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

当运行时，它会输出这个结果：

Create timer
Start timer
Timer expiration handler function; 42
----------------------------
Start timer a second time
Timer expiration handler function; 42
----------------------------
Start timer a third time
Cancel timer
The timer expiration handler function should not have been called

- Mawg says reinstate Monica