我一直在尝试使用类型列表,它们非常有趣。其中一件事是尝试通过实现自己的variant
类来探究类型列表的工作原理及其用途。以下是我的代码示例:
#include <cstddef>
#include <typeinfo>
#ifndef VARIANT_H_
#define VARIANT_H_
struct NullType {};
template <class T, class U>
struct TypeList {
typedef T Head;
typedef U Tail;
};
#define TYPELIST_1(T1) TypeList<T1, NullType>
#define TYPELIST_2(T1, T2) TypeList<T1, TYPELIST_1(T2) >
#define TYPELIST_3(T1, T2, T3) TypeList<T1, TYPELIST_2(T2, T3) >
#define TYPELIST_4(T1, T2, T3, T4) TypeList<T1, TYPELIST_3(T2, T3, T4) >
#define TYPELIST_5(T1, T2, T3, T4, T5) TypeList<T1, TYPELIST_4(T2, T3, T4, T5) >
#define TYPELIST_6(T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6) TypeList<T1, TYPELIST_5(T2, T3, T4, T5, T6) >
#define TYPELIST_7(T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7) TypeList<T1, TYPELIST_6(T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7) >
#define TYPELIST_8(T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8) TypeList<T1, TYPELIST_7(T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8) >
#define TYPELIST_9(T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9) TypeList<T1, TYPELIST_8(T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9) >
namespace util {
namespace {
template <class TL> struct MaxSize;
template <class TL> struct Length;
template <class TL, class T> struct IndexOf;
template <class TL, unsigned int i> struct TypeAt;
template <>
struct MaxSize<NullType> {
static const size_t value = 0;
};
template <class Head, class Tail>
struct MaxSize<TypeList<Head, Tail> > {
static const size_t value = (sizeof(Head) > MaxSize<Tail>::value) ? sizeof(Head) : MaxSize<Tail>::value;
};
template <>
struct Length<NullType> {
enum { value = 0 };
};
template <class Head, class Tail>
struct Length<TypeList<Head, Tail> > {
enum { value = 1 + Length<Tail>::value };
};
template <class T>
struct IndexOf<NullType, T> {
enum { value = -1 };
};
template <class Tail, class T>
struct IndexOf<TypeList<T, Tail>, T> {
enum { value = 0 };
};
template <class Head, class Tail, class T>
struct IndexOf<TypeList<Head, Tail>, T> {
enum { value = (IndexOf<Tail, T>::value == -1) ? -1 : 1 + IndexOf<Tail, T>::value };
};
template <class Head, class Tail>
struct TypeAt<TypeList<Head, Tail>, 0> {
typedef Head type;
};
template <class Head, class Tail, unsigned int i>
struct TypeAt<TypeList<Head, Tail>, i> {
typedef typename TypeAt<Tail, i - 1>::type type;
};
}
template <class TL>
class variant;
template<class U, class TL>
U *get(variant<TL> *v);
template<class U, class TL>
const U *get(const variant<TL> *v);
template<class U, class TL>
U &get(variant<TL> &v);
template<class U, class TL>
const U &get(const variant<TL> &v);
// this stuff is a visitation pattern used to make sure
// that contained objects get properly destroyed
namespace {
template <class TL>
struct apply_visitor;
struct destroy_visitor {
template <class T>
void operator()(T *p) {
p->~T();
}
};
template <class H, class T>
struct visitor_impl {
template <class U, class Pred>
static void visit(U *p, Pred pred) {
if(H *x = get<H>(p)) {
pred(x);
} else {
apply_visitor<T>::visit(p, pred);
}
}
};
template <class H>
struct visitor_impl<H, NullType> {
template <class U, class Pred>
static void visit(U *p, Pred pred) {
if(H *x = get<H>(p)) {
pred(x);
} else {
throw std::bad_cast();
}
}
};
template <class TL>
struct apply_visitor {
typedef typename TL::Head H;
typedef typename TL::Tail T;
template <class U, class Pred>
static void visit(U *p, Pred pred) {
visitor_impl<H, T>::visit(p, pred);
}
};
}
template <class TL>
class variant {
template<class U, class X> friend U *get(variant<X> *v);
template<class U, class X> friend const U *get(const variant<X> *v);
template<class U, class X> friend U &get(variant<X> &v);
template<class U, class X> friend const U &get(const variant<X> &v);
public :
variant() : type_index_(0){
new (&storage_) typename TypeAt<TL, 0>::type();
}
~variant() {
apply_visitor<TL>::visit(this, destroy_visitor());
}
template <class T>
variant(const T &x) : type_index_(IndexOf<TL, T>::value) {
typedef typename TypeAt<TL, IndexOf<TL, T>::value>::type value_type;
new (&storage_) value_type(x);
}
template <class T>
variant(T &x) : type_index_(IndexOf<TL, T>::value) {
typedef typename TypeAt<TL, IndexOf<TL, T>::value>::type value_type;
new (&storage_) value_type(x);
}
template <class T>
variant &operator=(const T &rhs) {
variant(rhs).swap(*this);
return *this;
}
variant &operator=(const variant &rhs) {
variant(rhs).swap(*this);
return *this;
}
public:
void swap(variant &other) {
using std::swap;
swap(storage_, other.storage_);
swap(type_index_, other.type_index_);
}
private:
template <class T>
const T &get_ref() const {
typedef typename TypeAt<TL, IndexOf<TL, T>::value>::type value_type;
if(IndexOf<TL, T>::value != type_index_) {
throw std::bad_cast();
}
return *reinterpret_cast<const value_type *>(&storage_);
}
template <class T>
T &get_ref() {
typedef typename TypeAt<TL, IndexOf<TL, T>::value>::type value_type;
if(IndexOf<TL, T>::value != type_index_) {
throw std::bad_cast();
}
return *reinterpret_cast<value_type *>(&storage_);
}
template <class T>
const T *get_ptr() const {
typedef typename TypeAt<TL, IndexOf<TL, T>::value>::type value_type;
if(IndexOf<TL, T>::value != type_index_) {
return 0;
}
return reinterpret_cast<const value_type *>(&storage_);
}
template <class T>
T *get_ptr() {
typedef typename TypeAt<TL, IndexOf<TL, T>::value>::type value_type;
if(IndexOf<TL, T>::value != type_index_) {
return 0;
}
return reinterpret_cast<value_type *>(&storage_);
}
public:
int which() const {
return type_index_;
}
bool empty() const {
return false;
}
const std::type_info &type() const;
private:
struct { unsigned char buffer_[MaxSize<TL>::value]; } storage_;
int type_index_;
};
// accessors
template<class U, class TL>
U *get(variant<TL> *v) {
return v->template get_ptr<U>();
}
template<class U, class TL>
const U *get(const variant<TL> *v) {
return v->template get_ptr<U>();
}
template<class U, class TL>
U &get(variant<TL> &v) {
return v.template get_ref<U>();
}
template<class U, class TL>
const U &get(const variant<TL> &v) {
return v.template get_ref<U>();
}
}
#endif
这非常好用!我可以写以下内容,并且它能很好地工作:
typedef util::variant<TYPELIST_3(std::string, int, double)> variant;
variant x = std::string("hello world");
variant y = 10;
variant z = 123.45;
std::cout << util::get<std::string>(x) << std::endl;
std::cout << util::get<int>(y) << std::endl;
std::cout << util::get<double>(z) << std::endl;
一切都按照预期工作 :-). 我的问题是:使用boost::variant
,我可以毫不费力地编写以下内容:
boost::variant<int, std::string> v = "hello world";
使用我的版本,如果我写成这样:
util::variant<TYPELIST_2(int, std::string)> v = "hello world";
我收到了这样的错误信息:
我得到了这样的错误信息:
variant.hpp: In instantiation of 'util::<unnamed>::TypeAt<TypeList<std::basic_string<char>, NullType>, 4294967294u>':
variant.hpp:76:47: instantiated from 'util::<unnamed>::TypeAt<TypeList<int, TypeList<std::basic_string<char>, NullType> >, 4294967295u>'
variant.hpp:161:61: instantiated from 'util::variant<TL>::variant(const T&) [with T = char [12], TL = TypeList<int, TypeList<std::basic_string<char>, NullType> >]'
test.cc:27:50: instantiated from here
variant.hpp:76:47: error: invalid use of incomplete type 'struct util::<unnamed>::TypeAt<NullType, 4294967293u>'
variant.hpp:32:46: error: declaration of 'struct util::<unnamed>::TypeAt<NullType, 4294967293u>'
基本上,variant在类型列表中找不到char[12]。这是有道理的,因为char[12]实际上并没有明确列为其中一种类型...
boost::variant如何使这个过程如此无缝?我觉得这是我理解boost::variant工作原理中唯一缺失的部分。你有什么想法吗?
virtual
的? - Xeosizeof(void*)
的成本,会给阅读你代码的人带来额外的困惑。 - Andreas Magnussonvariant/variant.hpp
时,我发现模板构造函数调用了convert_construct()
,其类型合法版本在内部存储地址上应用了convert_copy_into
访问者。 - chrisaycockvirtual
,因为它实际上没有任何作用。 - Evan Teran