Arduino IDE 在为 Arduino UNO 编译时使用什么链接脚本？

Question

1. 我想要达到的目标

我的终极目标是将Arduino项目（sketches）转换为基于makefile的自包含C/C++项目。

我已经有了一些进展（感谢@Juraj提供的有用评论）。我将所有相关的Arduino *.cpp和*.h文件复制到一个文件夹中（我称之为我的“项目文件夹”），以及预处理后的sketch文件（Arduino预处理器将sketch文件转换为*.cpp文件）。

我添加了一个内部的makefile，构建非常顺利。但是，在链接的最后一步中，我仍然不知道使用了哪个linkerscript。

2. 问题解释

尽管构建 - 包括链接步骤 - 运行得很好，但我想知道正在使用哪个linkerscript。目前，avr-gcc工具链从其安装文件夹中选择一个linkerscript：

<arduino ide installation>/hardware/tools/avr/avr/lib/ldscripts

正如@Juraj在评论中所解释的那样，此工具链基于-mmcu标志进行选择。

我不希望编译器从avr-gcc工具链中选择一个固定的链接脚本。相反，我想将此链接脚本复制到我的项目文件夹中并能够对其进行调整。但是为了做到这一点- 我必须首先知道它是哪个链接脚本。我该怎么办呢？

3. 背景资料

下面您可以找到有关我的设置和系统的更多信息。

3.1.我的设置

我有一个基于ATmega328P微控制器的Arduino UNO R3。我正在使用Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS操作系统。 我安装了Arduino IDE并从以下位置创建了一个新项目：

File > Examples > 01.Basics > Blink

我将新项目保存在 ~/Arduino/sketch_uno_blinky/sketch_uno_blinky.ino。

最后，我在以下位置打勾：

File > Preferences > Show verbose output

这样我就能正确地查看编译输出。基于此，我可以追踪所有参与构建的*.cpp和*.h文件。我将它们复制到一个文件夹中，以便创建一个自包含的基于makefile的项目。

3.2 链接

我这样运行链接器：

avr-gcc -Wl,-Map=output.map
        -Wl,--gc-sections
        -mmcu=atmega328p
        -DF_CPU=16000000L
        -DARDUINO=10813
        -DARDUINO_AVR_UNO
        -DARDUINO_ARCH_AVR
        -Og
        -g3
        -MMD
        -fmessage-length=0
        -ffunction-sections
        -fdata-sections
        -Wno-comment
        -Wno-unused-function
        -Werror-implicit-function-declaration
        -w
        -lm
        -flto
        -fuse-linker-plugin
        -L ../config/
        -o application.elf
        WInterrupts.o
        main.o
        hooks.o
        wiring.o
        wiring_analog.o
        wiring_digital.o
        wiring_pulse.o
        wiring_shift.o
        [...]
        sketch_uno_blinky.ino.o

这将导致生成名为 application.elf 的固件。

- K.Mulier

---

嗨@Juraj，非常感谢你的提示。我已经编辑了我的帖子-请查看编辑（帖子底部）。你知道答案吗？ - K.Mulier

请再次阅读我的第一条评论。 - Juraj

嗨@Juraj，没错，就是-mmcu=标志。我还需要在某个地方添加specs文件吗？或者不需要吗？ - K.Mulier

你必须使用avr-gcc工具链作为整体。它包含了所有需要的内容。只需使用所需的命令行选项运行链接器命令即可。 - Juraj

感谢 @Juraj ^_^ - K.Mulier

Answer 1

avr-ld 的 -mcu 选项用于确定链接脚本。它从与 avr-gcc 捆绑的链接脚本中进行选择。在 Arduino 中，此文件夹与 Arduino IDE 捆绑在一起，位于硬件/工具/avr/avr/lib/ldscript 中；或者在 arduion15 文件夹中的一个 avr-gcc 版本中。

在 avr-gcc 源代码中，有一个名为 avr-mcus.def file 的文件，描述了 AVR MCUs。文件中的第二列是“architecture”，你可以在 ldscripts 中找到相应的链接脚本。例如，atmega328p 具有 ARCH_AVR5，链接脚本为 avr5.x。

- Juraj

Answer 2

感谢 @Juraj 的答案和所有有用的评论！

我找到了另一种查看正在使用的链接脚本的方法。只需将此标志添加到链接器调用中：-Wl，--verbose

我得到以下输出：

GNU ld (GNU Binutils) 2.26.20160125
  Supported emulations:
   avr2
   avr1
   avr25
   avr3
   avr31
   avr35
   avr4
   avr5
   avr51
   avr6
   avrxmega1
   avrxmega2
   avrxmega3
   avrxmega4
   avrxmega5
   avrxmega6
   avrxmega7
   avrtiny
opened script file /home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/avr/bin/../lib/ldscripts/avr5.xn
using external linker script:
==================================================
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(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)floatsisf.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)fp_cmp.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)mulsf3.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)mulsf3x.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)errno.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)cty_isfalse.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)fp_inf.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)fp_nan.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)fp_pscA.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)fp_pscB.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)fp_round.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)fp_split3.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libc.a)fp_zero.o
attempt to open ../config//libatmega328p.so failed
attempt to open ../config//libatmega328p.a failed
attempt to open /home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libatmega328p.so failed
attempt to open /home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libatmega328p.a failed
attempt to open /home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libatmega328p.so failed
attempt to open /home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/lib/avr5/libatmega328p.a succeeded
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_divmodsi4.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_negsi2.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_copy_data.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_clear_bss.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_muluhisi3.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_mulshisi3.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_prologue.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_epilogue.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_udivmodsi4.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_umulhisi3.o
attempt to open /tmp/ccAFolcs.ltrans0.ltrans.o succeeded
/tmp/ccAFolcs.ltrans0.ltrans.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_ctors.o
(/home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/avr5/libgcc.a)_tablejump2.o

正如您所看到的，输出提到了链接脚本的确切位置。

opened script file /home/kristof/gnu_avr_toolchain/avr/bin/../lib/ldscripts/avr5.xn

它甚至打印文件的全部内容。

- K.Mulier