我在Windows XP SP3上运行Python 2.6.1。我的IDE是PyCharm 1.0-Beta 2 build PY-96.1055。
我将.py文件存储在名为"src"的目录中；它有一个名为__init__.py的文件，除了顶部的"__author__"属性之外，它是空的。
其中之一被称为Matrix.py：
#!/usr/bin/env python
"""
"Core Python Programming" chapter 6.
A simple Matrix class that allows addition and multiplication
"""
__author__ = 'Michael'
__credits__ = []
__version__ = "1.0"
__maintainer__ = "Michael"
__status__ = "Development"
class Matrix(object):
"""
exercise 6.16: MxN matrix addition and multiplication
"""
def __init__(self, rows, cols, values = []):
self.rows = rows
self.cols = cols
self.matrix = values
def show(self):
""" display matrix"""
print '['
for i in range(0, self.rows):
print '(',
for j in range(0, self.cols-1):
print self.matrix[i][j], ',',
print self.matrix[i][self.cols-1], ')'
print ']'
def get(self, row, col):
return self.matrix[row][col]
def set(self, row, col, value):
self.matrix[row][col] = value
def rows(self):
return self.rows
def cols(self):
return self.cols
def add(self, other):
result = []
for i in range(0, self.rows):
row = []
for j in range(0, self.cols):
row.append(self.matrix[i][j] + other.get(i, j))
result.append(row)
return Matrix(self.rows, self.cols, result)
def mul(self, other):
result = []
for i in range(0, self.rows):
row = []
for j in range(0, other.cols):
sum = 0
for k in range(0, self.cols):
sum += self.matrix[i][k]*other.get(k,j)
row.append(sum)
result.append(row)
return Matrix(self.rows, other.cols, result)
def __cmp__(self, other):
"""
deep equals between two matricies
first check rows, then cols, then values
"""
if self.rows != other.rows:
return self.rows.cmp(other.rows)
if self.cols != other.cols:
return self.cols.cmp(other.cols)
for i in range(0, self.rows):
for j in range(0, self.cols):
if self.matrix[i][j] != other.get(i,j):
return self.matrix[i][j] == (other.get(i,j))
return True # if you get here, it means size and values are equal
if __name__ == '__main__':
a = Matrix(3, 3, [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
b = Matrix(3, 3, [[6, 5, 4], [1, 1, 1], [2, 1, 0]])
c = Matrix(3, 3, [[2, 0, 0], [0, 2, 0], [0, 0, 2]])
a.show()
b.show()
c.show()
a.add(b).show()
a.mul(c).show()
我创建了一个名为 "test" 的新目录，它还有一个 __init__.py 文件，在顶部只有一个 "__author__" 属性。我创建了一个 MatrixTest.py 来对我的 Matrix 类进行单元测试：
#!/usr/bin/env python
"""
Unit test case for Matrix class
See http://jaynes.colorado.edu/PythonGuidelines.html#module_formatting for Python coding guidelines
"""
import unittest #use my unittestfp instead for floating point
from src import Matrix # Matrix class to be tested
__author__ = 'Michael'
__credits__ = []
__license__ = "GPL"
__version__ = "1.0"
__maintainer__ = "Michael"
__status__ = "Development"
class MatrixTest(unittest.TestCase):
"""Unit tests for Matrix class"""
def setUp(self):
self.a = Matrix.Matrix(3, 3, [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
self.b = Matrix.Matrix(3, 3, [[6, 5, 4], [1, 1, 1], [2, 1, 0]])
self.c = Matrix.Matrix(3, 3, [[2, 0, 0], [0, 2, 0], [0, 0, 2]])
def testAdd(self):
expected = Matrix.Matrix(3, 3, [[7, 7, 7], [5, 6, 7], [9, 9, 9]]) # need to learn how to write equals for Matrix
self.a.add(self.b)
assert self.a == expected
if __name__ == '__main__': #run tests if called from command-line
suite = unittest.TestLoader().loadTestsFromTestCase(TestSequenceFunctions)
unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(suite)
但是当我尝试运行我的MatrixTest时，出现了这个错误：
C:\Tools\Python-2.6.1\python.exe "C:/Documents and Settings/Michael/My Documents/Projects/Python/learning/core/test/MatrixTest.py"
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:/Documents and Settings/Michael/My Documents/Projects/Python/learning/core/test/MatrixTest.py", line 8, in <module>
from src import Matrix # Matrix class to be tested
ImportError: No module named src
Process finished with exit code 1
根据我所阅读的所有内容，我知道将init.py文件放在所有目录中可以解决这个问题。
如果有人能指出我错过了什么，我会非常感激。
我还想寻求关于开发和维护源代码和单元测试类的最佳建议。 我考虑采用编写Java时通常使用的方式：/src和/test目录，具有相同的包结构。 这种思考方法是否符合"Pythonic"，或者我应该考虑其他组织方案？
更新：
感谢那些回答我的人，以下是为我解决问题的解决方案：
- 将import更改为
from src import Matrix #Matrix class to be tested - 将
sys.path作为环境变量添加到我的unittest配置中，以分号分隔./src和./test目录。 - 按照所示更改MatrixTest.py中的声明。
python -m test.MatrixTest。请参考https://dev59.com/tWAf5IYBdhLWcg3wdCh1。 - jrc