如何不使用递归算法遍历二叉树的后序遍历?
如何不使用递归算法遍历二叉树的后序遍历?
这里我正在粘贴不同版本的 c# (.net) 以供参考: (对于中序迭代遍历,您可以参考:帮助我理解如何在不使用递归的情况下进行中序遍历)
~
public string PostOrderIterative_WikiVersion()
{
List<int> nodes = new List<int>();
if (null != this._root)
{
BinaryTreeNode lastPostOrderTraversalNode = null;
BinaryTreeNode iterativeNode = this._root;
Stack<BinaryTreeNode> stack = new Stack<BinaryTreeNode>();
while ((stack.Count > 0)//stack is not empty
|| (iterativeNode != null))
{
if (iterativeNode != null)
{
stack.Push(iterativeNode);
iterativeNode = iterativeNode.Left;
}
else
{
var stackTop = stack.Peek();
if((stackTop.Right != null)
&& (stackTop.Right != lastPostOrderTraversalNode))
{
//i.e. last traversal node is not right element, so right sub tree is not
//yet, traversed. so we need to start iterating over right tree
//(note left tree is by default traversed by above case)
iterativeNode = stackTop.Right;
}
else
{
//if either the iterative node is child node (right and left are null)
//or, stackTop's right element is nothing but the last traversal node
//(i.e; the element can be popped as the right sub tree have been traversed)
var top = stack.Pop();
Debug.Assert(top == stackTop);
nodes.Add(top.Element);
lastPostOrderTraversalNode = top;
}
}
}
}
return this.ListToString(nodes);
}
这是使用一个栈的后序遍历(我的版本)
public string PostOrderIterative()
{
List<int> nodes = new List<int>();
if (null != this._root)
{
BinaryTreeNode lastPostOrderTraversalNode = null;
BinaryTreeNode iterativeNode = null;
Stack<BinaryTreeNode> stack = new Stack<BinaryTreeNode>();
stack.Push(this._root);
while(stack.Count > 0)
{
iterativeNode = stack.Pop();
if ((iterativeNode.Left == null)
&& (iterativeNode.Right == null))
{
nodes.Add(iterativeNode.Element);
lastPostOrderTraversalNode = iterativeNode;
//make sure the stack is not empty as we need to peek at the top
//for ex, a tree with just root node doesn't have to enter loop
//and also node Peek() will throw invalidoperationexception
//if it is performed if the stack is empty
//so, it handles both of them.
while(stack.Count > 0)
{
var stackTop = stack.Peek();
bool removeTop = false;
if ((stackTop.Right != null) &&
//i.e. last post order traversal node is nothing but right node of
//stacktop. so, all the elements in the right subtree have been visted
//So, we can pop the top element
(stackTop.Right == lastPostOrderTraversalNode))
{
//in other words, we can pop the top if whole right subtree is
//traversed. i.e. last traversal node should be the right node
//as the right node will be traverse once all the subtrees of
//right node has been traversed
removeTop = true;
}
else if(
//right subtree is null
(stackTop.Right == null)
&& (stackTop.Left != null)
//last traversal node is nothing but the root of left sub tree node
&& (stackTop.Left == lastPostOrderTraversalNode))
{
//in other words, we can pop the top of stack if right subtree is null,
//and whole left subtree has been traversed
removeTop = true;
}
else
{
break;
}
if(removeTop)
{
var top = stack.Pop();
Debug.Assert(stackTop == top);
lastPostOrderTraversalNode = top;
nodes.Add(top.Element);
}
}
}
else
{
stack.Push(iterativeNode);
if(iterativeNode.Right != null)
{
stack.Push(iterativeNode.Right);
}
if(iterativeNode.Left != null)
{
stack.Push(iterativeNode.Left);
}
}
}
}
return this.ListToString(nodes);
}
public string PostOrderIterative_TwoStacksVersion()
{
List<int> nodes = new List<int>();
if (null != this._root)
{
Stack<BinaryTreeNode> postOrderStack = new Stack<BinaryTreeNode>();
Stack<BinaryTreeNode> rightLeftPreOrderStack = new Stack<BinaryTreeNode>();
rightLeftPreOrderStack.Push(this._root);
while(rightLeftPreOrderStack.Count > 0)
{
var top = rightLeftPreOrderStack.Pop();
postOrderStack.Push(top);
if(top.Left != null)
{
rightLeftPreOrderStack.Push(top.Left);
}
if(top.Right != null)
{
rightLeftPreOrderStack.Push(top.Right);
}
}
while(postOrderStack.Count > 0)
{
var top = postOrderStack.Pop();
nodes.Add(top.Element);
}
}
return this.ListToString(nodes);
}
在C# (.net)中使用访问标志:
public string PostOrderIterative()
{
List<int> nodes = new List<int>();
if (null != this._root)
{
BinaryTreeNode iterativeNode = null;
Stack<BinaryTreeNode> stack = new Stack<BinaryTreeNode>();
stack.Push(this._root);
while(stack.Count > 0)
{
iterativeNode = stack.Pop();
if(iterativeNode.visted)
{
//reset the flag, for further traversals
iterativeNode.visted = false;
nodes.Add(iterativeNode.Element);
}
else
{
iterativeNode.visted = true;
stack.Push(iterativeNode);
if(iterativeNode.Right != null)
{
stack.Push(iterativeNode.Right);
}
if(iterativeNode.Left != null)
{
stack.Push(iterativeNode.Left);
}
}
}
}
return this.ListToString(nodes);
}
定义:
class BinaryTreeNode
{
public int Element;
public BinaryTreeNode Left;
public BinaryTreeNode Right;
public bool visted;
}
string ListToString(List<int> list)
{
string s = string.Join(", ", list);
return s;
}
单元测试
[TestMethod]
public void PostOrderTests()
{
int[] a = { 13, 2, 18, 1, 5, 17, 20, 3, 6, 16, 21, 4, 14, 15, 25, 22, 24 };
BinarySearchTree bst = new BinarySearchTree();
foreach (int e in a)
{
string s1 = bst.PostOrderRecursive();
string s2 = bst.PostOrderIterativeWithVistedFlag();
string s3 = bst.PostOrderIterative();
string s4 = bst.PostOrderIterative_WikiVersion();
string s5 = bst.PostOrderIterative_TwoStacksVersion();
Assert.AreEqual(s1, s2);
Assert.AreEqual(s2, s3);
Assert.AreEqual(s3, s4);
Assert.AreEqual(s4, s5);
bst.Add(e);
bst.Delete(e);
bst.Add(e);
s1 = bst.PostOrderRecursive();
s2 = bst.PostOrderIterativeWithVistedFlag();
s3 = bst.PostOrderIterative();
s4 = bst.PostOrderIterative_WikiVersion();
s5 = bst.PostOrderIterative_TwoStacksVersion();
Assert.AreEqual(s1, s2);
Assert.AreEqual(s2, s3);
Assert.AreEqual(s3, s4);
Assert.AreEqual(s4, s5);
}
Debug.WriteLine(string.Format("PostOrderIterative: {0}", bst.PostOrderIterative()));
Debug.WriteLine(string.Format("PostOrderIterative_WikiVersion: {0}", bst.PostOrderIterative_WikiVersion()));
Debug.WriteLine(string.Format("PostOrderIterative_TwoStacksVersion: {0}", bst.PostOrderIterative_TwoStacksVersion()));
Debug.WriteLine(string.Format("PostOrderIterativeWithVistedFlag: {0}", bst.PostOrderIterativeWithVistedFlag()));
Debug.WriteLine(string.Format("PostOrderRecursive: {0}", bst.PostOrderRecursive()));
}
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.Queue;
import java.util.Stack;
class Node
{
Node left;
String data;
Node right;
Node(Node left, String data, Node right)
{
this.left = left;
this.right = right;
this.data = data;
}
public String getData()
{
return data;
}
}
class Tree
{
Node node;
//insert
public void insert(String data)
{
if(node == null)
node = new Node(null,data,null);
else
{
Queue<Node> q = new LinkedList<Node>();
q.add(node);
while(q.peek() != null)
{
Node temp = q.remove();
if(temp.left == null)
{
temp.left = new Node(null,data,null);
break;
}
else
{
q.add(temp.left);
}
if(temp.right == null)
{
temp.right = new Node(null,data,null);
break;
}
else
{
q.add(temp.right);
}
}
}
}
public void postorder(Node node)
{
if(node == null)
return;
postorder(node.left);
postorder(node.right);
System.out.print(node.getData()+" --> ");
}
public void iterative(Node node)
{
Stack<Node> s = new Stack<Node>();
while(true)
{
while(node != null)
{
s.push(node);
node = node.left;
}
if(s.peek().right == null)
{
node = s.pop();
System.out.print(node.getData()+" --> ");
if(node == s.peek().right)
{
System.out.print(s.peek().getData()+" --> ");
s.pop();
}
}
if(s.isEmpty())
break;
if(s.peek() != null)
{
node = s.peek().right;
}
else
{
node = null;
}
}
}
}
class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Tree t = new Tree();
t.insert("A");
t.insert("B");
t.insert("C");
t.insert("D");
t.insert("E");
t.postorder(t.node);
System.out.println();
t.iterative(t.node);
System.out.println();
}
}
所以你可以使用一个栈来进行后序遍历。
private void PostOrderTraversal(Node pos) {
Stack<Node> stack = new Stack<Node>();
do {
if (pos==null && (pos=stack.peek().right)==null) {
for (visit(stack.peek()); stack.pop()==(stack.isEmpty()?null:stack.peek().right); visit(stack.peek())) {}
} else if(pos!=null) {
stack.push(pos);
pos=pos.left;
}
} while (!stack.isEmpty());
}
void postorder_stack(Node * root){
stack ms;
ms.top = -1;
if(root == NULL) return ;
Node * temp ;
push(&ms,root);
Node * prev = NULL;
while(!is_empty(ms)){
temp = peek(ms);
/* case 1. We are nmoving down the tree. */
if(prev == NULL || prev->left == temp || prev->right == temp){
if(temp->left)
push(&ms,temp->left);
else if(temp->right)
push(&ms,temp->right);
else {
/* If node is leaf node */
printf("%d ", temp->value);
pop(&ms);
}
}
/* case 2. We are moving up the tree from left child */
if(temp->left == prev){
if(temp->right)
push(&ms,temp->right);
else
printf("%d ", temp->value);
}
/* case 3. We are moving up the tree from right child */
if(temp->right == prev){
printf("%d ", temp->value);
pop(&ms);
}
prev = temp;
}
}
最简单的解决方案,可能看起来不是最好的答案,但很容易理解。我相信如果你已经理解了这个解决方案,那么你可以修改它以得到最佳的解决方案。
// 使用两个栈
public List<Integer> postorderTraversal(TreeNode root){
Stack<TreeNode> st=new Stack<>();
Stack<TreeNode> st2=new Stack<>();
ArrayList<Integer> al = new ArrayList<Integer>();
if(root==null)
return al;
st.push(root); //push the root to 1st stack
while(!st.isEmpty())
{
TreeNode curr=st.pop();
st2.push(curr);
if(curr.left!=null)
st.push(curr.left);
if(curr.right!=null)
st.push(curr.right);
}
while(!st2.isEmpty())
al.add(st2.pop().val);
//this ArrayList contains the postorder traversal
return al;
}
def postorder(tree):
def do_something(x): # Your function here
print(x),
def walk_helper(root_node, calls_to_perform):
calls_to_perform.append(partial(do_something, root_node[0]))
for child in root_node[1]:
calls_to_perform.append(partial(walk_helper, child, calls_to_perform))
calls_to_perform = []
calls_to_perform.append(partial(walk_helper, tree, calls_to_perform))
while calls_to_perform:
calls_to_perform.pop()()
postorder(('a', [('b', [('c', []), ('d', [])])]))
a
b
c
d
class Node:
def __init__(self, data=None, left=None, right=None):
self.data = data
self.left = left
self.right = right
def post_order(node):
if node is None:
return []
stack = []
nodes = []
last_node_visited = None
while stack or node:
if node:
stack.append(node)
node = node.left
else:
peek_node = stack[-1]
if peek_node.right and last_node_visited != peek_node.right:
node = peek_node.right
else:
nodes.append(peek_node.data)
last_node_visited = stack.pop()
return nodes
def main():
'''
Construct the below binary tree:
15
/ \
/ \
/ \
10 20
/ \ / \
8 12 16 25
'''
root = Node(15)
root.left = Node(10)
root.right = Node(20)
root.left.left = Node(8)
root.left.right = Node(12)
root.right.left = Node(16)
root.right.right = Node(25)
print(post_order(root))
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
这是我为后序遍历迭代器想出来的:
class PostOrderIterator
implements Iterator<T> {
private Stack<Node<T>> stack;
private Node<T> prev;
PostOrderIterator(Node<T> root) {
this.stack = new Stack<>();
recurse(root);
this.prev = this.stack.peek();
}
private void recurse(Node<T> node) {
if(node == null) {
return;
}
while(node != null) {
stack.push(node);
node = node.left;
}
recurse(stack.peek().right);
}
@Override
public boolean hasNext() {
return !stack.isEmpty();
}
@Override
public T next() {
if(stack.peek().right != this.prev) {
recurse(stack.peek().right);
}
Node<T> next = stack.pop();
this.prev = next;
return next.value;
}
}
PostOrderIterator
是通过某些树类的工厂方法公开的内部类,作为 Iterator<T>
来使用。两种不使用递归执行后序遍历的方法:
1. 使用一个已访问节点的哈希集和一个用于回溯的栈:
private void postOrderWithoutRecursion(TreeNode root) {
if (root == null || root.left == null && root.right == null) {
return;
}
Stack<TreeNode> stack = new Stack<>();
Set<TreeNode> visited = new HashSet<>();
while (!stack.empty() || root != null) {
if (root != null) {
stack.push(root);
visited.add(root);
root = root.left;
} else {
root = stack.peek();
if (root.right == null || visited.contains(root.right)) {
System.out.print(root.val+" ");
stack.pop();
root = null;
} else {
root = root.right;
}
}
}
}
private void postOrderWithoutRecursionAlteringTree(TreeNode root) {
if (root == null || root.left == null && root.right == null) {
return;
}
Stack<TreeNode> stack = new Stack<>();
while (!stack.empty() || root != null) {
if (root != null) {
stack.push(root);
root = root.left;
} else {
root = stack.peek();
if (root.right == null) {
System.out.print(root.val+" ");
stack.pop();
root = null;
} else {
TreeNode temp = root.right;
root.right = null;
root = temp;
}
}
}
}
public class TreeNode {
public int val;
public TreeNode left;
public TreeNode right;
public TreeNode(int x) {
val = x;
}
}
Python中的简单直观解决方案。
while stack:
node = stack.pop()
if node:
if isinstance(node,TreeNode):
stack.append(node.val)
stack.append(node.right)
stack.append(node.left)
else:
post.append(node)
return post