如何安装Python 3.3？

Question

如何安装Python 3.3？

107

我已经从官方网站下载了Python 3.3，但不知道如何安装。

我正在使用Ubuntu 12.04。

- gonewild

为什么我不能在不升级整个操作系统的情况下更新应用程序？这篇文章解释了为什么不可行。简而言之：其他软件包依赖于一个较旧（但仍在维护！）的版本。请将您对该网站运作方式的个人想法保留或者在元社区上发表，只要您获得足够的声望积分即可发帖。但首先，请查看常见问题以了解该网站的运作方式。 - gertvdijk

8个回答

43

这是我在Ubuntu 12.04上安装Python 3.3的步骤：

1. 安装依赖项： ```bash sudo apt-get build-dep python3.2 sudo apt-get install libreadline-dev libncurses5-dev libssl1.0.0 tk8.5-dev zlib1g-dev liblzma-dev ```

2. 下载Python 3.3.0： ```bash wget http://python.org/ftp/python/3.3.0/Python-3.3.0.tgz ```

3. 解压缩： ```bash tar xvfz Python-3.3.0.tgz ```

4. 配置和安装： ```bash cd Python-3.3.0 ./configure --prefix=/opt/python3.3 make sudo make install ```

5. 测试是否成功： ```bash /opt/python3.3/bin/python3 ```

你应该看到类似的东西：

Python 3.3.0 (default, Jan 31 2013, 18:37:42) 
[GCC 4.6.3] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>

一些额外的有用的东西...你可以在家里创建一个虚拟环境，只需按需激活Python 3.3。

在家中创建一个虚拟环境：
```
/opt/python3.3/bin/pyvenv ~/py33
```
激活虚拟环境：
```
source ~/py33/bin/activate
```

安装分发工具：

wget http://python-distribute.org/distribute_setup.py
python distribute_setup.py

安装pip：
```
easy_install pip
```
安装任何你想要的Python包（例如bottle）：
```
pip install bottle
```

请享受！

- Boolean

sudo apt-get build-dep python3.2？你可能忘记了中间的install :) - Stam Kaly

1@StamKaly ：不对。build-dep不是一个包，它是一个apt-get的动词（就像install）。它的意思是“_安装所有构建所需的源代码包_”。 - MestreLion

36

deadsnakes PPA有适用于旧版和新版Python的软件包：

sudo apt-get install python-software-properties
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install python3.3

- Luper Rouch

是的，那确实安装了一些东西，但我该如何调用它呢？输入'python'会给我Python 2解释器，而输入'python3'则提示说它没有安装，可以从Ubuntu仓库中安装。 - kris

啊，我看到可执行文件被称为python3.3（或者pythonX.Y，根据安装的Python版本而定 :-) - kris

ppa:fkrull/deadsnakes 已经存档了。请使用 ppa:deadsnakes/ppa 代替。 - codefool

10

Ubuntu 14.04及更早版本：

Python2.7是默认安装的，在Ubuntu上使用软件包管理器在常规Python之上安装Python3，Ubuntu可以同时处理2.7和3.2版本而无需使用虚拟环境：

sudo apt-get install python3
python3 --version
Python 3.2.3
python --version
Python 2.2.3

Ubuntu 18.04:

Ubuntu 18.04预设安装了Python3，而Python2.7只有在特定安装时才可用。

可以选择三个软件包名称： python、python-minimal、python-all。默认为minimal（最精简版）。这些词只是向Ubuntu软件源发出的指令，决定是否包含额外的内容。要确切了解包含哪些子软件包和不包含哪些子软件包，请查看以下链接的子软件包：https://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic/python

sudo apt install python-minimal
python --version

或者尝试升级Python3：

sudo apt install python3-minimal
python --version

为了尝试强制使用特定版本，您可以尝试传递一个版本参数：

sudo apt-get install python 3.3.3

- Eric Leschinski

1如何将Python3版本从3.2.3更新到3.3.5？ - fIwJlxSzApHEZIl

2Python 3.3只能从Ubuntu 12.10及更高版本的默认软件源中获取。OP正在使用12.04版本。 - Lenna

如果你想在一台电脑上拥有超过两个版本的Python（除了操作系统默认选择的2.7和3.2之外），那么每个新版本的Python应该位于自己的虚拟环境（virtualenv）中。谷歌搜索：“使用virtualenv隔离Python版本”。如果你不使用某种容器，那么你将面临一系列问题的迷宫，因为Python会在你的电脑上到处乱拉，占据每一个角落，并以约翰·克里斯式的方式相互争斗。 - Eric Leschinski

1

对于任何感兴趣的人，我写了一篇更详细的逐步文章，介绍如何在Ubuntu 12.04上从源代码本地安装Python 3.3.2。这篇文章主要基于阅读@sergey上面出色的回答：http://nicholsonjf.com/blog/install-python3-locally-from-source。

- nicholsonjf

1

警告：Pythonbrew已被弃用，推荐使用pyenv。更新的说明请点击这里

你也可以使用类似于pythonbrew的工具：

curl -kL http://xrl.us/pythonbrewinstall | bash    
echo "[[ -s $HOME/.pythonbrew/etc/bashrc ]] && source $HOME/.pythonbrew/etc/bashrc" >> ~/.bashrc    
pythonbrew install 3.3

使用起来非常简单，而且另一个好处是可以安装您所需的任何Python版本。请查看他们的文档以获取更多详细信息。

- Alexey Savanovich

1

我已经编写了一个脚本，用于自动化下载、编译和安装非包管理器的Python版本。该脚本会将Python版本安装在/opt目录下，远离包管理器和系统版本的Python。

对于大多数Ubuntu版本，该脚本甚至可以获取依赖项。它应该适用于所有当前支持的Ubuntu版本（10.04、12.04、12.10和13.04），可能也适用于其他版本。

我在下面附上了脚本，并且还在我的Github存储库中发布了它，那里是主要位置。

脚本应该被复制并保存到文本编辑器中，例如build_python，并且需要设置为可执行（chmod u+x build_python），然后可以使用两个参数运行，其中第一个参数必须始终是Python分支，第二个参数必须始终是Python版本。

请参阅python.org以获取您想要编译的版本的列表。

以下是脚本使用的几个示例：

在稳定版本中，检查清单后，可以运行以下命令：
```
./build_python '3.3.2' '3.3.2'
```
在开发版本中，列表中的两个参数不同，可以运行以下命令：
```
./build_python '3.4.0' '3.4.0a1'
```

以下是脚本的主要内容（此处无语法高亮显示。如需查看，请访问我的Github页面）：

#!/usr/bin/env bash

# by mik, aka Exactus29, https://github.com/Exactus29
# 
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

##########

# a script to compile the latest stable version of Python and place in /opt

(( $# == 2 )) || { printf "Please provide a version branch (e.g. 3.4.0) and a version release (e.g. 3.4.0a1) in that order.\n"
                   printf "The official site is python.org, see the ftp server at: http://python.org/ftp/python.\n" >&2 ; exit 1; }

# a splew of variables, so that just the version number can be given on the cmd line
# and then then the script can do the rest, including verifying the packages using gpg

# need different branch and version as sometimes the two are different, particularly for dev releases
py_branch="$1"
py_version="$2"
shift 2

# check if install target already exists in /opt, and exit so user can decide what to do
if [[ -d /opt/python-${py_version} ]]; then 
    printf "Target directory for the build already exists, please rename or remove.\n" >&2
    exit 1
else 
    :
fi

# use tar.bz2 as that is what most of the older releases used, i.e. in case user tries to build an older release
py_url="http://python.org/ftp/python/${py_branch}/Python-${py_version}.tar.bz2"
py_asc="http://python.org/ftp/python/${py_branch}/Python-${py_version}.tar.bz2.asc"
py_dir="$HOME/src/python_build" # checked to exist later, etc

# first check if user requested file exists on server
wget --spider ${py_url} >/dev/null 2>&1
(( $? > 0 )) && printf "No such version, version ${py_version} does not exist\n" >&2 && exit 1


# now very important before we do anything else, to check if asc file exists, as it  doesn't for some downloads
# if we don't check and it doesn't exist it causes the script to exit

wget --spider ${py_asc} >/dev/null 2>&1
# set a flag re whether asc file exists, so can check later and avoid problems
(( $? > 0 )) && no_asc=1 || no_asc=0

# set up more variables
py_tarbz2="${py_url##*/}"
(( no_asc == 0 )) && py_tarbz2_asc="${py_asc##*/}" # only set this if there is an asc file
py_folder="${py_tarbz2%.*.*}"
py_gpg_key="" 

# check other build dependencies are installed, beyond build-dep, sqlite support, readline, ncurses, build-essential 
dependencies_check() {

    local installed=()
    local to_be_installed=()
    local dependencies_list=(build-essential wget libreadline-dev libncurses5-dev libssl1.0.0 tk8.5-dev zlib1g-dev liblzma-dev
libsqlite3-dev sqlite3 bzip2 libbz2-dev)    

    for package in "${dependencies_list[@]}"; do 
        if grep -iq '^ii' < <(dpkg -l "$package"); then
            installed+=("$package")
        else 
            to_be_installed+=("$package")
        fi
    done 2>/dev/null

    if (( ${#to_be_installed[@]} > 0 )); then
        printf "If you have recently elevated your privileges with sudo, you will not see a " 
        printf "prompt here, before the apt-get update and install of packages occurs.\n" 
        sleep 2
        sudo -p "We need to install some dependencies, please enter your password: " apt-get update && sudo apt-get -y install "${to_be_installed[@]}"
        return 0
    else 
        printf "\nNothing to install, proceeding.\n"
        return 0
    fi

}

# tailor build-dep to new python version we want to build, basically either 2x or 3x versions
# should work with at least lucid/precise/quantal/raring/saucy, the currently supported versions
if (( ${py_branch:0:1} == 3 )) && grep -iq 'precise' /etc/lsb-release 2>/dev/null; then
    sudo -p "Please provide your password to install dependencies: " apt-get build-dep python3.2 && dependencies_check
elif (( ${py_branch:0:1} == 3 )) && grep -Eiq '(raring|quantal|saucy)' /etc/lsb-release 2>/dev/null; then
    sudo -p "Please provide your password to install dependencies: " apt-get build-dep python3.3 && dependencies_check
elif [[ ${py_branch:0:3} == 2.7 ]] && grep -iq 'lucid' /etc/lsb-release 2>/dev/null; then
    sudo -p "Please provide your password to install dependencies: " apt-get build-dep python2.6 && dependencies_check
elif [[ ${py_branch:0:3} == 2.7 ]]; then
    sudo -p "Please provide your password to install dependencies: " apt-get build-dep python2.7 && dependencies_check
else
    printf "\nProceeding, but make sure you have the correct build deps installed.\n\n"
    sleep 2        
fi

# dir checks
if [[ -d $HOME/src ]]; then 
    cd $HOME/src || exit 1
else
    mkdir $HOME/src && cd $HOME/src
fi

if [[ -d ${py_dir} ]]; then
    mv "${py_dir}" "${py_dir}_old_$(date '+%F_%H_%M_%S')"
    mkdir "${py_dir##*/}" && cd "${py_dir##*/}"
else
    mkdir "${py_dir##*/}" && cd "${py_dir##*/}"
fi

# finally, download python 
printf "\nNow downloading version ${py_version} from branch ${py_branch} ....."
wget "${py_url}" -P "${py_dir}" >/dev/null 2>&1
(( $? == 0 )) && printf "Done.\n"
# only download asc if it exists, set flag earlier
(( no_asc == 0 )) && wget "${py_asc}" -P "${py_dir}" >/dev/null 2>&1

# gpg tests

gpg_test() {
    # if error returned, extract gpg key from error message
    py_gpg_key="$(gpg --verify "${py_tarbz2_asc}" "${py_tarbz2}" 2>&1 | awk '{ print $NF }' | grep -v found)"

    # now check with gpg_key (should be Python release signing key)
    printf "\nReceiving keys.. "
    gpg --recv-keys "${py_gpg_key}" >/dev/null 2>&1
    (( $? > 0)) && printf "Key could not be received\n" || printf "Done.\n"

    printf "\nVerifying download... "
    gpg --verify "${py_tarbz2_asc}" "${py_tarbz2}" >/dev/null 2>&1
    (( $? > 0 )) && printf "The download could not be verified.\n" || printf "Done.\n"

}

if (( no_asc == 0 )); then
    gpg --verify "${py_tarbz2_asc}" "${py_tarbz2}" >/dev/null 2>&1
    if (( $? > 0 )); then 
        gpg_test 
    else
        printf "\nDownload verified\n\n"
    fi
else
    printf "\nProceeding even though asc file is not available for gpg to verify download\n\n"
    sleep 1
fi

# unpack and cd to the python folder
printf "Unpacking archive...."
tar xvjf "${py_folder}.tar.bz2" >/dev/null 2>&1
(( $? == 0 )) && printf "Done.\n" || { printf "Problems occured when unpacking, exiting\n" >&2; exit 1; }
cd "${py_folder}" || exit 1

# tailor the build to your machine here with configure and make

printf "\nNow for the configure (default prefix is /opt/python-${py_version})...."
sleep 2
./configure --prefix=/opt/python-${py_version} >/dev/null 2>&1
# as configure and make will exit anyway on error, no need to add || alternatives to the tests below
(( $? == 0 )) && printf "Done.\n\n"  
sleep 1

printf "\nNow for the compile. (If necessary, please add your own specifications to the make command line and run the script again)\n"
printf "\nPlease wait for the compile to finish: it may take a while...."
make >/dev/null 2>&1
(( $? == 0 )) && printf "Done.\n\n"

printf "\nWe are installing with make install into /opt, instead of using checkinstall.\n"
sudo make install >/dev/null 2>&1
installcode=$?
(( $installcode == 0 )) && printf "\n${py_version} succesfully installed in /opt/python-${py_version}\n\n"

if [[ -d $HOME/bin ]]; then
    ln -s /opt/python-${py_version}/bin/python${py_version:0:3} ~/bin/py-${py_version}
    (( $? == 0 )) && printf "\nSymlink created, run py-${py_version} in the terminal to launch the interpreter\n"
else
    mkdir $HOME/bin && ln -s /opt/python-${py_version}/bin/python${py_version:0:3} ~/bin/py-${py_version}
    (( $? == 0 )) && printf "\nSymlink created, run py-${py_version} in the terminal to launch the interpreter\n"
    printf "\nHowever, you will not be able to call py-${py_version} until you have logged out and in again, as bin will not"
    printf " have been added to your path just as $HOME/bin is created.\nn"
fi

# important info re setting up pyvenv re distribute tools and pip etc
cat <<extra_info

            See also a program called pyvenv with your installation in /opt, 
            with which you can create a virtual environment and use tools
            such as pip, etc. See the official documentation at:
            http://docs.python.org/3.3/using/scripts.html#pyvenv-creating-virtual-environments

extra_info

sleep 2 
exit ${installcode}

- user76204

0

这是我所遵循的步骤：

wget http://python.org/ftp/python/3.3.2/Python-3.3.2.tar.bz2
tar -xvjf ./Python-3.3.2.tar.bz2
cd ./Python-3.3.2
./configure --prefix=/opt/python3.3
make && make install
mkdir ~/bin
ln -s /opt/python3.3/bin/python ~/bin/py
echo 'alias py="/opt/python3.3/bin/python3"' >> .bashrc

- Tarun

- Sergey · Accepted Answer

Python 3.3在2012年9月29日发布，比Ubuntu 12.04发布几个月后。尽管如此，它被包含在Ubuntu 12.10中，作为python3.3软件包。

如果你想在没有Python 3.3的Ubuntu版本上安装它，你有以下几个选择：

使用PPA

有一个由Felix Krull维护的PPA，其中包含旧版和新版Python版本。请参考Luper Rouch的回答获取安装说明。

从源代码编译Python

这非常简单，可以让你拥有多个Python版本，而不会干扰系统Python解释器（很多Ubuntu自带程序使用该解释器）。在我的开发机上，我有从2.4到3.2的几十个不同的Python版本，它们都在/opt目录下和谐共存。

我们需要C编译器和其他工具来编译Python。

sudo apt-get install build-essential

为了让Python具备SQLite支持，需要安装SQLite库。

sudo apt-get install libsqlite3-dev
sudo apt-get install sqlite3 # for the command-line client
sudo apt-get install bzip2 libbz2-dev

下载并编译Python：

wget http://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.3.5/Python-3.3.5.tar.xz
tar xJf ./Python-3.3.5.tar.xz
cd ./Python-3.3.5
./configure --prefix=/opt/python3.3
make && sudo make install

一些很好的操作可以通过创建符号链接来安装一个 py 命令。

mkdir ~/bin
ln -s /opt/python3.3/bin/python3.3 ~/bin/py

或者，您可以安装一个名为py的bash别名代替：

echo 'alias py="/opt/python3.3/bin/python3.3"' >> .bashrc

这就是它。现在你可以拥有任何版本的Python，甚至是alpha版，或者说，编译几个带有不同设置的Python 3.3副本...虽然并不是很多人需要那样做 :)

使用pyenv

有一个叫做pyenv的软件可能会帮助你自动化这个过程 - 它的基本功能是从源代码编译Python，并将其安装在你的主目录中。它的目标是帮助你管理多个Python版本。